PUBLIC SPEAKING UNIT 1

Transactional model of communication

Frame of reference

Sum of knowledge, experience, etc to help how you view the world (Area around the communicator)

Communicator

Person communicating

Noise

Anything that disrupts, interrupts, or interferes with the communication process (Surrounding both communicators)

Channel

The means through which a message gets from sender to receiver (Surrounding the message)

Messaging

Words and language (Between the 2 communicators inside the channel)

Context

The environment where the communication or speech takes place

Encode

The process of the sender putting his/her thoughts and feelings into words or other symbols

Decode

The process of the listener or receiver understanding the words and symbols of a message and making meaning of them

Denotative

the objective or literal meaning shared by most people using the word

Connotative

the subjective or personal meaning the word evokes in people together or individually

Public speaking

an organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids.

Nonverbal messages

messages that are communicated without using words (body language, eye contact, gestures)

Verbal messages

a message that is conveyed through spoken or written words

Differences of public speaking and conversation

Awareness of and sensitivity toward your audience, an exchange of explicit messages about content (facts, ideas, information) and less explicit ones about relationships (how you relate to one another, such as trust, liking, respect), more purposeful (to entertain, inform, or persuade)

Similarities between public speaking and communication

A dependence on feedback to know if you are successful in being understood, nonverbal and verbal cues,

Reasons for speech anxiety

Mental blocks and forgetting the content, self depreciation, lack of preparation, fear of rejection of one’s self or one’s ideas.

Glossophobia

Severe fear of public speaking

Preparation to build speech confidence

Mental, physical, contextual, and speech preperation

5 classical canons of rhetoric.

1. invention (creating content),

2. disposition (organization and logic of arguments)

3. style (choosing the right level and quality of vocabulary)

4. memory (actually, memorizing famous speeches to learn good public speaking technique)

5. delivery (nonverbal communication).

Invention

Creating content

Disposition

Organization and logic of arguments

Style

choosing the right level and quality of vocabulary

Memory

Actually, memorizing famous speeches to learn good public speaking technique

Delivery

The nonverbal communication

Exigence

Problem waiting to be fixed, reveals speech purpose (driving force)

Audience

Anybody exposed to the speech

Constraints

Physical and psychological parts that create limits on things like success

Empirical audience

The people that the speaker faces and interacts directly with

Target audience

The members of an audience the speaker most wants to persuade and who are likely to be receptive to persuasive messages

3 physical constraints

Time limits, space to give speech, giving all parts of the speech

Audience analysis

Examining and looking at your audience first by its demographic characteristics and then by their internal psychological traits

Demographic characteristics

the outward characteristics of the audience

Demographic characteristics examples

Age, race, gender, education level, ethnicity, income, occupation, marital status

Beliefs

Statements we hold to be true

Attitudes

A stable positive or negative response to a person, idea, object, or policy

Values

Goals we strive for and what we consider important and desirable

Needs

Important deficiencies that we are motivated to fulfill

Barries faced by audiences

Noisiness/distraction in our outside lives, keeping attention, our minds can usually process much faster than a speaker can speak clearly, distraction around you.

4 ways to become a better listener

Be prepared to listen, take notes/ask questions, avoid temptations, have an open mind to the speaker

Ethics

the branch of philosophy that involves determinations of what is right and moral

Factors that influence trust in a speaker

Similarity, character, competence, and good will

Initial credibility

A speaker’s credibility at the beginning of or even before the speech

Derived credibility

a speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness (as judged by the audience members) throughout the process of the speech, which also can range from point to point in the speech

Terminal credibility

a speaker’s credibility at the end of the speech

Plagiarism

the act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that person

Stealing

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

Borrowing

taking ones ideas and citing them incorrectly or not at all

Sneaking

Copying a few words and twisting them to seem like they were your own