“Peace Without Victory”: Wilson’s Triumph and Downfall
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151 Terms
When did Woodrow Wilson arrive in Paris?
December 16 1918
Wilson arrived to Paris greeted by what?
Great fanfare
How is Wilsons arrival to Paris described?
The President and First Lady rode in a horse-drawn carriage through the wide boulevards of the French capital past decorated buildings and a banner
What were the buildings decorated with?
American flags and floral wreaths
What did the banner say?
“Vive Wilson”
Where were peace negotiations for WW1 set?
The Palace of Versailes
Wilsons reception into Paris reflected what?
His own popularity and the rising power status of the United States on the world stage
What did John Maynard Keynes write about Wilson?
“Never had a philosopher held sich weapons wherewith to blind the Prices of the world”
Wilson was a former professor where?
Princeton
What did Wilson defend since the war’s outbreak?
American neutrality
When was the outbreak of WW1?
1914
When did Wilson win re-election?
1916
What campaign slogan did Wilson use?
“He Kept Us Out of War”
The sinking of which ship led to the death of more than 100 Americans?
The British merchant ship Lusitania
Who sank the Lusitania?
Germany
When did the Lusitania sink?
1915
What revelation did the United States find between Germany and Mexico?
A secret telegram proposing an alliance between Mexico and Germany
The telegram found by the U.S did what?
Prompted Wilson to respond
When did Wilson lead the U.S into war?
The spring of 1917
What did Wilson declare as he led the United States into WW1?
“The world must be made safer for democracy”
How many Amerian troops deployed in WW1?
Over 1 million
Which battle were American troops involved in that led to the declaration of an armistice?
The Meuse Argonne offensive
When was the armistice from Meuse-Argonne declared?
November 11, 1918
How many Americans lost their lives in WW1?
50,300 Americans
How many American troops died at the Meuse-Argonne offensive?
26,277
President Wilson earned a reputation as what?
A effective, and fast forward looking reformer who skillfully steered progressive legislation through congress
As Commander-in-Chief what did Wilson show little interest in?
The military prosecution of the conflict
Who did Wilson leave military prosecution of WW1 to?
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
What position did Pershing hold?
Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe
What was Wilson described as being?
An ardent idealist
Wilson was intent on shaping the new world order to reflect what values?
American democratic values in his own internationalist vision
When did Wilson lay out a post war agenda?
January of 1918
What was Wilsons postwar agenda?
His famous Fourteen Points
What did Wilsons postwar agenda include?
Endorsement of self-determination (independance) for small nations, free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to the secret alliances and shadowy diplomacy
What did many blame the outbreak and rapid escalation of WW1 on?
Secret alliances and shadowy diplomacy
What was the final item of Wilsons post war plans?
A “general association of nations”
What was Wilsons idea for an association of nations?
Both small and powerful states alike would work together to peacefully resolve international conflict
What did Wilson make a top priority of his?
The establishment of the League of Nations
Wilsons Fourteen Points speech was relayed via what?
Radio transmitters in North and Central America to millions of listeners around the globe
What was Wilson the first leader to do?
To address the “world” in real-time
Wilsons ideas resonated especially among who?
non-European peoples eager to end colonial rule and win independence
Wilson recieved a frosty reception from who?
His French and British counterparts
Who was the French Prime Minister?
Georges Clemenceau
Who was the British Prime Minister?
David Lloyd George
Wilson, Clemenceau, and George made up what?
The Big Three of the Allied powers
Clemenceau and George had little patience for what?
Wilsons high minded idealism
How many men had France lost in the war?
1,385,300
How many British soldiers died as a result of WW1?
900,000 soldiers killed in battle
The losses faced by France and Britain hardened their resolve to do what?
Make Germany pay, literally and figuratively
How did Clemenceau and George feel about Wilson being empowered to dictate the peace terms?
They felt that an American should not be empowered to dictate peace agreements
Why did Gorge and Clemenceau feel that an American should not dictate peace terms?
Their nation remained largely unscathed by the fighting that had ravaged Europe
The Treaty of Versailles only dimly reflects what?
The Fourteen Points
Who was assigned sole blame for the war?
Germany
How was Germany punished?
They were ordered to forfeit its colonial holdings, drastically cut its armed forces, yield rich industrial territories to France, and pay war reparations
How much in war reparations was Germany forced to pay?
$21 billion
What issue did Wilson refuse to compromise on?
The League of Nations
The persistence of Wilson to adopt the League of Nations led to what?
The inclusion of a Covenant for the League of Nations
The Covenant for the League of Nations contained what?
Twenty six articles and pledging to promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security
When was the Versailles Peace Treaty signed?
June 28, 1919
Who Signed the Versailles Peace Treaty?
The Allied powers and Germany
Who did Wilson have trouble selling the League of Nations to?
The American public and a hostile Republican Controlled Congress
What obstacle posed a challenge with Wilson attempting to sell his League of Nations to the American people and Congress?
His failing health
What was it suspected that Wilson fell ill with?
The Spanish flu
The Spanish flu caused Wilson to have what symptoms?
Coughing fits and pain so intense that Wilson was forced to leave meetings to recuperate
What do Wilsons lingering symptoms suggest?
He suffered a minor stroke
What were the symptoms of Wilsons stroke?
Debilitating headaches and bouts of aphasia
Wilsons aphasia presented as what?
Jumbled, disjointed speech
Wilsons symptoms persisted after his return from where?
Paris
For the Treaty for Versailles and by extension the League of Nations to be ratified they required support by how much of the Senate?
2/3
Wilsons efforts to protect the League of Nations depended on what?
Navigating the political vicissitudes of Washington and the Republican controlled Senate
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Senator of which state?
Massachusetts
What position did Lodge hold?
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s Republican chairman and de facto majority leader of the Senate
What were Lodges feelings towards Wilson?
He loathed him
Lodge was a close political ally of who?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who was Wilsons greatest rival?
Theodore Roosevelt
What had Lodge been mobilizing months before the final agreement was signed?
Opposition to the League of Nations
What article saw Lodge focus his fiercest criticism?
Article X of the League’s Charter
What did Article X affirm?
Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League
To Lodge what did Article X represent?
A dangerous incursion on American sovereignty and an unwelcome restraint of American power
Who did Lodge’s faction not include?
The so-called Irreconcilables
William E. Borah was a Senator of what state?
Idaho
What was Borah described as?
An irreconcilable and isolationist
What party was Borah apart of?
Republican
What did Borah declare?
Total unqualified opposition to the Treaty and the League
Wilson excluded Republican from what?
The American peace delegation
Where would Wilson face fallout for excluding Republicans from the American peace delegation?
Capitol Hill
What did Wilson make little effort to do with Republican leaders?
Win over or find middle ground
What did Wilson do instead of finding middle ground with Republican leaders?
Lectured them on the necessity of adopting the League without any changes
How did Wilson box in his opponents?
By including the League and the treaty together
What did Wilson draw on to tar the treaty’s critics as unpatriotic?
Wartime nationalism
What did Wilson contend?
To oppose the League was to oppose progress itself
When did Wilson personally submit the final version of the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate?
July 10, 1919
What Wilson say The League represented?
The best home for all mankind for lasting peace
How many amendments did Lodge claim were needed for his Reservationists to vote for the treaty?
42
Why did Wilson refuse to engage with the Lodge reservationists?
He was convinced he could persuade the nation to support his vision
When did Wilson embark on his speaking tour?
September 3rd 1919
How many miles did Wilson travel on his speaking tour?
9,981 miles
Where did Wilsons speaking tour begin?
Columbus Ohio
What was the name of Wilsons private railcar?
The Mayflower
What time period did Wilsons speaking tour last?
3 weeks