AP Government Unit 4 Review

Political socialization

The learning process by which people acquire their political opinions, beliefs, and values

How family connects to political socialization

Family is one of the biggest influences on your political socialization because you learn from their values and childhood learning is paramount

How school connects to political socialization

School is an example of a political socialization. It influences you political values and thinking

How mass media connects to political socialization

Media is an example of a political socialization. It influences you political values and thinking through propaganda and ads.

How peers connect to political socialization

Peers is an example of a political socialization. It influences you political values and thinking when you learn their stance in political socialization.

How opinion makers connect to political socialization

Opinion makers are an example of a political socialization. It influences you political values and thinking because when they state their opinion they can sway you to think and see as them.

How churches connect to political socialization.

Your religious beliefs usually influence your political socialization.

Public Opinion

Feelings and opinions that the people express openly

Six core values of American Political Culture

Liberty, Equality, Democracy, Individualism, Union, Diversity

Polarization

Stark of political disagreement

Polarization and its Effects

Fuels controversy and political attacks

Depolarization

When parties agree and have similar policy positions

Polling

Record of opinion through vote

Public opinion poll

A device for measuring public opinion in which a small number of people is interviewed for the an estimated opinion of the community (the sample)

How polling and public opinion poll connect

A public opinion poll is a type of poll

Representative sample (Random)

When all members of population have equal chance of being interviewed

How Polling and Representative sample connect

A representative poll is a type of poll

"Population"

The people whose opinions are being estimated through interviews with a sample of these people

How Polling and "Population" connect

The population is the reason for the polling because the government wants to know the populations opinion

Majoritarian Model

Belief that government should do what the majority of the people want

Pluralist Model

Belief that the people are to uninformed to know what they need and have inconsistent opinions

Benchmark poll

used by political campaigns to gauge interest in a candidate's office bid, the success of his/her messaging, and his/her weekly standing

Straw poll

A poll with nonbinding results

Tracking poll

.A poll is a poll repeated at intervals generally averaged over a trailing window..

Push poll

A poll that guides you toward a certain candidate

Exit poll

A poll taken immediately after the voters have exited the polling stations

Sampling Error

Measure of the accuracy of public opinion poll

Margin of Error

A statistical formulation of how well a sample of voters (those voters who took the poll) reflects the general population (all voters), assuming that their voices are chosen randomly within the population you want to know about. It tells how confident we can be that a poll is telling us how the whole population feels.

Other Problems with Sampling

Poll questioning and wording,

Ideology

A basic set of political beliefs about the roles of government and the individuals in society

Political Spectrum

On a political spectrum, people who have similar opinions on political issues are grouped according to whether or not they are "left," "right," or "centered"

Liberal

open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values

Economic Liberalism

Economic liberalism include are aid for poor, government regulation and higher taxes

Social Liberalism

Social liberalism includes pre-choice, social welfare, against was, homosexual civil rights

Conservative

holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion

Economic Conservatism

Belief in limited government intervention in the free market. Supports tax and spending cuts, deregulation & privatization. Reaganomics or "trickle down economics."

Social Conservatism

Government should protect "traditional" (Christian) views on marriage, gender roles, & social issues. Oppose gay marriage, legalization of drugs, abortion.

Centrism

an ideology at the middle of the political spectrum that combines elements of both liberal and conservative thought

Libertarian

one who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties

Statist

A set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

Ideology Orientation

Party identification and it's impact on ideology. (Ideology- a basic set of political beliefs about the roles of government and the individuals in society)

Religion

Christians- Conservatives

Location and Region

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Race and Ethnicity

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Gender

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Age

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Crosscutting

Issues that raise disagreements within a party coalition or between political parties about what government should do.

Political Participation

All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or politics

Political Efficacy

The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference

Internal Efficacy

The ability to understand and take part in politics and to obtain confidence in a citizen's own abilities to understand and take part in political affairs.

How political efficacy and internal efficacy connect.

They are both reasons why people vote, they believe their votes matter and to take part in political affairs.

External Efficacy

A belief that the system will respond to a citizen's demands

How political efficacy and external efficacy connect

They are both reasons why people vote, because they believe their vote matters and because they believe the government will respond to their demands.

Civic Duty

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs

Civic Responsibility

A sense of duty or obligation to take part in the concerns and welfare of a particular community

Suffrage

Right to vote

Evolution Of Suffrage

How suffrage has changed over the decades.

Property

At first only white men with property could vote.

Race

At first only white men could vote but the 14th amendment allowed black men to vote as well.

Gender(Suffrage)

At first men where only allowed to vote, but the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote.

Age (Suffrage)

At first you had to be 21 and older to vote but then they decided that if the boys were able to go to war at 18, then they were old enough to vote. So they changed the voting age requirement to 18 by the 26th Amendment.

Voting Rights' Act of 1965

It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

Registration (Suffrage)

Some people couldn't meet the voter registration requirements.

Photo ID Debate

Some people believe that a photo ID should be required in order to register to vote because of the ability to commit fraud but others believe ID shouldn't be a requirement because it requires to much to get an ID.

Motor Voter Law of 1993

Required voting registration when renewing drivers license.

How does the factors affect voter turnout

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Age (Voter Turnout)

Older people (60+) are more likely to vote than younger because they are more informed and less busy.

Education

People with a degree are more likely to vote than someone without.

Income

Upper and middle class are more likely to vote than lower class.

Ethnicity

Whites are more likely to vote than any other ethnicity.

Gender (Voter Turnout)

Males are more likely to vote than woman because they pay more attention to politics.

Partisanship

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Reasons For Low Voter Turnout

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Voter Apathy

A lack of interest to vote, a "Whatever" attitude. People don't believe their vote matters.

Registration

People feel that their are to many requirements for registration for voting.

Alienation

Illegal immigrants aren't able to vote because they are not official American citizens.

Other Forms of Voter Participation

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Lobbying and Campaigning

People could work in an organized way to seek political influence on an issue.

Passive Electioneering

When people wear campaign clothes, buttons, etc. to a polling place on election day

How Lobbying and Campaigning and Passive Electioneering Connect.

Passive electioneering is a form of campaigning for elections.

Active Electioneering

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How Lobbying and Campaigning and Active Electioneering Connect.

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Virtual Participation

When people express their political opinions in form of technology.

How Social Media and Virtual Participation connect.

Social media provides a way for people to express their political opinion.

Community Activities

When a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic or goal in common, work together to do something.

Political Movements

Large groups of people who work together for political change.