Biology VI Babylon's Ashes

The End of 1st Semester

Crucial Roles of Cell Division

1. It makes possible for a fertilized egg to develop into an adult organism

2. It ensures the continuity of life through asexual or sexual reproduction

Cell Cycle

series of stages in the life of a cell

Interphase, Mitosis/Meiosis, Karyokinesis & Cytokinesis

3 sections of cell cycles

Gap

Meaning of G in cell cycle

Synthetic Phase

Meaning of S in cell cycle

Interphase Parts

G1 - Growth and Metabolic Roles, S - Replication of DNA occurs, G2 - Growth and more preparation

G1

Protein supply increases number of cell organelles, size of the cell increases

S

Most important phase, because it replicates DNA

G2

Prepares cell for actual cell division, it ensures the cell is ready for meiotic/mitotic division.

Mitosis Parts

Prophase, Metaphases, Anaphases, Telophases

Interphase

referred to as the preparatory stage. It is the longest phase in the cell cycle for most cells. Typically, it lasts for at least 90% of the total time required for the cell cycle.

Mitosis

division of the nucleus with it’s contents into two identical nuclei

Prophase

1st part of mitosis, where chromosomes condense into chromatin. Divided into two parts, early ****, where the chromosomes duplicate and nucleoli disappear, and late ****, where spindle fiber begins to form on centrioles, and nuclear envelopes disappears.

Metaphase

2nd part of Mitosis, where chromosomes align at cell center

Anaphase

3rd part of mitosis, where replication of DNA occurs

Telophase

4th part of mitosis, where growth and more preparation for karyokinesis and cytokinesis occurs

Karyokinesis

process of nucleus division

Cytokinesis

process of cytoplasmic division

Cell Division

process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Meiosis

a special form of cell division for reproductive cells. This is mostly similar to mitosis aside from 4 daughter cells, daughter cells having half the no. of chromosomes (haploid no.) of the parent cell, and the daughter cells being non-alike and not having the same exact copies of chromosomes

Homologous Pair

same pair

Haploid Cell

1 complete set of chromosomes

Diploid Cell

2 complete sets of chromosomes

Haploid Number

no. in a haploid represented 1N

Diploid Number

number of chromosomes in a diploid represented by 2N

Zygote

fertilized egg cell

Meiosis phases

Meiosis I, composed of Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, and Meiosis II, composed of Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Synapsis

the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

Crossing Over

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells

Gametogenesis

process by which gametes or reproductive cells are formed by meiotic division

Spermatogenesis

Sperm cell formation

Oogenesis

Egg Cell Formation

GnRH

Gonaditropin Releasing Hormone

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

LH

Lutenizing Hormone

Cellular Respiration

process by which the chemical energy of “food” molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

1st stage of cellular respiration, which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the process is anaerobic (O2 not required), requires input of 2 ATP and glucose to start. Produces pyruvate, pyruvic acid, and 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle

2nd stage of cellular respiration, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, the process is aerobic (O2 required), cyclical series of oxidation that give off CO2 and produced one ATP per cycle, turns twice per glucose molecule, produces 2 ATP as a result. Overall, the Krebs cycle produces 6 NADH, 4 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

3rd stage of cellular respiration, which occurs in the the cristae of the mitochondria, the process produces the most ATP (34) as well H2O. It uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from Glucose. NADH = 3 ATPs, and FADH = 2 ATPs.

Equation for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + e- + 36-38 ATP

NAD+ is an energy carrier

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NADH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen

FAD+ is an alternative electron carrier

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Photosynthesis

process by which plants convert solar light energy into glucose. It is the process that drives the food chain on earth

Photos

“light” in Greek

Synthesis

“put together” in Greek

Photosynthesis Equation

6 CO2 + 6 H2 —→ C9H12O9 + 6 O2

Mesophyll

Middle layer of the plant cell

Stoma (plural: Stomata)

Tiny openings in the middle layers of plant layers where gases enter and exit the leaves

Chloroplasts

have a double membrane (inner and outer membrane). Contains the chlorophyll pigment

Stroma

is a thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of the chloroplast, where it holds chloroplasts, DDNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

Thylakoids

tiny disc shaped interconnected membranes sacs, which enclose another internal compartment, and are suspended within the stroma. Chlorophyll pigments are embedded on these sacs which absorb light.

Grannum (Plural: Grana)

A stack of Thylakoids

Photosystems

Light-absorbing molecules, different from chlorophylls embedded within the thylakoid membrane.

Stages of phoyosynthesis

Light-dependent stage, and the Light-independent stage

Light-dependent stage

occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, where the chlorophyll pigment absorbs the light energy from the sun and converts it into glucose together with water. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Light-independent stage

also known as Calvin, Calvin-Benson, and/or Calvin-Benson-Bessham Cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.