Women and Gender Studies

chapters 1-3

First wave of feminism

Seneca falls declaration of 1848 rejected doctrine of female inferiority, 19th amendment 1920

Second Wave of feminism

work place, reproductive rights, establishment of APA 35 first division solely focused on the psychology of women

Third wave of feminism

unfinished business of first two waves, ensuring reproductive rights, ending violence against women, integration of women into politics

Fourth Wave of feminism

digital activism, #metoo movement, times up

Liberal Feminism

women are entitles to full legal and social equality with men; favors changes in laws, customs and values; emphasizes similarities between men and women

Radical Feminism

views control of women by men as first and most fundamental form of oppression; women as a group are opposed solely by men

Womanism

focuses on the experiences of women of color; don’t see men of color as oppressors, rather victims of the same system (racism)

Cultural feminism

emphasizes the differences between men and women including differences in values and social behavior

Profeminist vs Feminist (men’s roles)

profeminist is a term coined for men who support the feminist movement but dont indentify as feminist

Bell hooks definition: ending sexism and sexist oppression

feminism as “a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression

Social identity (addressing model)

portion of one’s self concept that is derived from perceived membership in a specific social group

Intersectionality

the overlap between different aspects of one’s identity

Privilege

social, economic, and/or political advantages people have simply because they’re apart of a group, rather than anything they’ve done

unearned entitlements

things of value that should be provided to all but aren’t

conferred dominance

one group is socially assumed to have more authority/power over another group

legitimizing myths

attitudes, values and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchical social practices

Sexism & stereotypes

bias based on the belief that men are superior to women, and a belief about the characteristics of a particular group that are generalized to all members of that group

cissexism

a type of sexism that stems from the assumption that cisgender people’s identities are more legitimate than those of transpeople

ambivalent sexism

feelings of both hostility and belevolence toward women

hostile sexism

women are inferior to men

Benevolent sexism

women should be protected and adored ; many women endorse belevolence sexism

Hostile vs benevolent sexism

both compliment each other to enforce gender roles

stereotype threat vs self-fulfilling prophecy

fear of fufilling a stereotype causes people to fufill it anyways, fearing something causes it to happen

gender roles communal vs agentic traits

women are typically emotional and comunal, men are typically instumental and agentic

linguistic sexism

inequitable language used for men and women

gender fair language

neutralization of terms ex) police man to police officer

Gender essentialism : belief in innate differences

belief that people have permanent, intrinsic and biologically determined qualities linked to their sex assigned at birth

researcher identity

researchers identity is central to the questions they ask and how they interpret data and results

framing of questions

changes how information can be interpreted ex) studying menstral pain instead of menstral joy

WEIRD samples

a group of study participants who are western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

evaluating research

looking at a study’s design, approach, methods, and claims to see if they’re trustworthy

similarities tradition vs differences tradition

claim that men and women are similar vs claim that men and women are different

meta analyses show more similarites than differences

most studies show that all differences are negligible or small, highlights more similarities than differences

hyde study

46 meta-analyses 78% of gender/sex differences were negligible