psych 348 midterm

Righting or fixing reflex

Trying to fix a problem by lecturing with your own experiences rather than asking them how they think they can fix it

Spirit of MI

Also known as the '4 habits of the heart', it includes Acceptance, Partnership, Compassion, and Evocation.

Acceptance

Honoring clients autonomy, affirming their strengths, and respecting each person's absolute worth as a human being

Partnership

Collaboration between the clinician's expertise and the client's own expertise about themselves

Compassion

Intention to give primacy to the client's own welfare, growth, and best interests

Evocation

Mindset of calling forth the client's own wisdom, values, ideas, and plans

Foundational skills of MI (OARS)

Includes Open ended questions, Affirming, Reflections, and Summarizing.

Open ended questions

Encourage elaboration by the client

Affirming

Not validation, but identifying a strength and pointing it out

Reflections

Rephrasing the client's message

Summarizing

Summary statement- two or more paraphrases or reflections that condense the client's messages (or the entire session) into a brief summary

Change talk

Verbalizations favoring change

Sustain talk

Favoring the status quo

Four processes or tasks in MI

Includes Engaging, Focusing, Evoking, and Planning.

Engaging

Developing a therapeutic alliance that facilitates working together

Focusing

Clarifying the goals and direction of counseling

Evoking

Elicits the client's own motivations for change

Planning

Client begins to think about how they might achieve their goals

Clinical psychology

Rigorous study and applied practice directed toward understanding and improving the psychological facets of the human experience, including but not limited to issues or problems of behavior, emotions, or intellect

Boulder model

Trains clinical psychologists with a balanced emphasis on scientific research and clinical practice, producing PhD graduates who conduct research, apply evidence-based methods, and integrate science into therapy

Vail model

Developed in 1972- shifts the focus toward practical clinical skills and consuming research for application, with less emphasis on original research, typically leading to PsyD degrees for those prioritizing direct patient care

Clinical scientist model

Emerged in the 1990s- prioritizes rigorous scientific training and research productivity over clinical hours, aiming to advance psychological science while preparing PhD graduates for both research and evidence informed practice

Difference between PhD and PsyD programs

PhD programs focus more on research and academic training, while PsyD programs emphasize practical clinical skills.

PsyD

1/2 of doctoral degrees being awarded in the field are PsyDs.

Licensed Psychologist

Graduate students would need to receive training and display competence in the application of clinical methods and the research methods necessary to study and evaluate the field scientifically.

Non-medical Interventions

Clinical psychology focuses on non-medical interventions, often handling more complex assessments and specialized treatments compared to counselors or social workers.

Kurt Lewin

Social psychologist known for the concept of approach avoidance and the idea that ambivalence is a step forward.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

MI helps people resolve their ambivalence.

Righting Reflex

The tendency to correct or fix someone's behavior or thoughts.

Daryl Bem

Proposed that people learn by hearing what they say and offered an alternative explanation for cognitive dissonance.

Reactance

An aversive state that arises when people perceive a threat to their freedom, leading to intensified attitudes and behaviors in opposition to persuasion.

William Tuke

Opened the York retreat, a residential treatment center for people with mental illnesses.

Philippe Pinel

Moved people with mental illnesses out of dungeons.

Eli Todd

Opened the retreat in Hartford, Connecticut, emphasizing patients' strengths rather than weaknesses.

Dorothea Dix

Established more than 30 state institutions for people with mental illnesses.

Lightner Witmer

Founded the first psychological clinic at UPenn and is considered the founder of experimental psychology.

Father of Clinical Psychology

Lightner Witmer is recognized for formally founding clinical psychology and creating the first psychology clinic.

Father of Descriptive Psychiatry

Emil Kraepelin is known as the father of descriptive psychiatry.

Lee Thorndike

Proposed that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences.

Charles Spearman

Led theorists who argued for the existence of a general intelligence that overlaps with many particular abilities.

Alfred Binet

Created the first Binet-Simon scale.

David Weschler

Designed an adult intelligence test known as the Weschler-Bellevue test, which includes WAIS and WISC.

Multiculturalism in Clinical Psychology

Considered the 'fourth force' as it enhances existing models by infusing them with sensitivity and awareness for diverse groups.

Multicultural Competence

Professional efforts to better emphasize diversity and multiculturalism in psychology.

Cultural Competence

The ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures, differing from a multicultural orientation.

Cultural humility

Openness to a client's culture and being able to work with them.

Cultural opportunities

Recognizing and responding to moments when culture is relevant.

Cultural comfort

Clinician's ease to discussing culture with the client.

Tripartite model of personal identity

A model that includes individual life experiences, group level (ethnicity, gender, religion), and universal aspects (genetic coding, brain structure, anatomy).

Addressing model

A framework for understanding the complexity of individual and cultural identity by prompting consideration of various aspects of identity.

Role of interviews in psychological assessment

They provide crucial information for understanding a client's mental and emotional state, diagnosing conditions, and planning treatment.

Reliability

Consistency of a measure.

Validity

Accuracy of a measure.

General skills and attending behaviors

Eye contact, body language, quieting yourself, vocal tone.

Directive techniques in interviews

Clinician led with specific goals to gain information.

Non-directive techniques in interviews

Client led.

Pragmatics in interviews

Considerations such as note taking, audio and video recording, interview room, confidentiality.

Levels of structure in interviews

Unstructured (no questions beforehand), semi-structured (specific goals), structured (questions from DSM to diagnose).

Types of interviews

Intake (determines treatment needs), diagnostic (criteria for diagnosis), mental status (assess functioning), crisis (ensure safety and provide immediate treatment).

Goals of assessment

To evaluate and understand the client's needs and conditions.

Carroll's theory of intelligence

3 hierarchies of intelligence.

Spearman's theory of intelligence

General intelligence 'g'.

Cattell's theory of intelligence

Fluid vs crystallized intelligence.

Gardner's theory of intelligence

Multiple types of intelligence.

Weschler-WAIS

Measures cognitive ability across 5 areas.

Stanford Binet

IQ test.

UNIT

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test.

Achievement tests

Examples include SAT, ACT, Weschler Individual Achievement Test.

Common characteristics of Wechsler Scales

Based on the theory that intelligence is a global capacity comprising multiple abilities.

UNIT-2 test

Created to assess nonverbal intelligence; strengths and weaknesses are to be determined.

Fair and unbiased assessment

Provided a fair and unbiased assessment of intelligence for individuals with diverse communication and cultural needs- specifically for children ages 5-21.

Strengths of assessment

Minimizes linguistic and cultural bias, accommodates diverse needs, measures multiple cognitive abilities, flexible administration options, predictive validity.

Weaknesses of assessment

Complexity and required training, cannot assess verbal skills, potential for misinterpretation, reliability concerns in some groups.

Difference between achievement and intelligence

Achievement is what you do with the knowledge you have gained; intelligence is a person's ability to learn.

Multimethod assessment

Collect diverse, comprehensive data to overcome the limitations of relying on any single method.

Evidence-based assessment

Systematic approach to evaluation that uses scientific research, theory, and clinical expertise to guide all decisions within an assessment process, including selecting what to measure, choosing the right tools, and interpreting the results.

Client culture influence

Culture influences psychological assessment by shaping how clients understand and express psychological distress, their beliefs about mental health, and their willingness to seek help.

Objective personality tests

Apply to any person if they meet specific criteria- list of questions and yes or no or degree answers.

MMPI

Most popular and psychometrically sound objective personality test for assessing psychopathology; clinical scales and used as an assessment.

Empirical criterion keying

Method of test development where test items are selected based on how well they differentiate between two or more predefined groups.

Validity scales on the MMPI

They measure the reliability and accuracy of a person's responses to the test.

MCMI

Used to assess and diagnose people.

NEO

Big five personality test; more of a personality test that measures personality as a whole in a non-pathological person.

Projective hypothesis

Suggests that individuals will unconsciously project their own needs, feelings, fears, and experiences onto an ambiguous stimulus, such as an inkblot or an incomplete sentence.

Concerns about projective personality tests

Low reliability and validity due to subjective interpretation, lack of standardization, potential for bias, difficulty in scoring and measurement, and limited empirical evidence to support their effectiveness.

Rorschach test

Inkblots.

TAT

Create stories about ambiguous pictures with the goal of revealing their underlying motives and concerns.

Sentence completion

Individuals complete unfinished sentences to reveal their underlying thoughts, feelings, fears, and attitudes.

Shared implicit assumptions of traditional personality assessment

Personality is composed of stable, consistent traits; a direct correspondence exists between behavior and traits; personality can be organized into a hierarchy; individuals have reliable self-knowledge; personality is relatively stable and resistant to change.

Behavioral assessment vs traditional personality assessment

Traditional assessment measures stable internal traits; behavioral assessment directly samples observable actions in specific contexts.

Behavioral observation

Objective recording of an individual's or animal's behaviors, interactions, and responses in a natural or controlled setting.