Openstax Psych Chapter 6

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

conditioned responses

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior