Unit 2: APAAS

Ladinos

The first Africans in the territory that came into the USA, known as Ladinos, were part of a generation known as "Atlantic Creoles" and worked as intermediaries before the predominance of chattel slavery.

Juan Garrido

A person from the Kingdom of Kongo, a conquistador, was the first African to travel to North America in 1513. He served in the Spanish military to conquer native populations.

Estevanico (Esteban)

an enslaved African healer from Morocco, was forced to work as an explorer and translator in Texas in 1528. He was eventually killed by Indigenous groups resisting Spanish colonialism.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

for 350 years, over 12.5 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas, with only about 5 percent coming directly to the US.

Slave-trading zones in Africa

Nine African regions, including Senegambia and Angola, were involved in the slave trade. Over half of the captives taken to mainland North America came from these two regions.

Three-Part Journey

Africans were captured, marched to the Atlantic coast, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in crowded conditions, and then quarantined, resold, and transported within the Americas.

Slave Auctions

characterized by the power of law and white supremacy, leading to the assault on the body, mind, and spirit of enslaved individuals. African American authors wrote literature to emphasize the physical and emotional effects of this event

Roles of Slaves

different jobs like farming, domestic, and skilled work. They also contributed to culture and the economy by doing things like blacksmithing and growing crops.

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

A 17th-century a law linked a child's legal status to their mother's, making the children of enslaved women considered property too.

Forms of Self-expression

African Americans mixed African, local European, and Indigenous influences to create their unique culture. They used aesthetics, music, and language to express themselves distinctly.

Changing Demographics

1808 ban on international slave trading reduced African-born people among African Americans. The American Colonization Society aimed to get rid of free Black individuals, causing them to reject the term "African" and use different ethnic names (ethnonyms).

The Stono Rebellion and Fort Mose

In 1739 a slave revolt with 100 slaves burning plantations and heading to Spanish Florida. Fort Mose, the first free black town, provided refuge for those escaping British oppression.

Legacies of the Haitian Revolution

This event had global impacts. Maroons, who were Black people who escaped slavery to establish free communities, disseminated information and organized attacks

Resistance and Revolts in the United States

Enslaved individuals resisted daily through actions like slowing work and attempting to escape. Revolts, like the Santo Domingo revolt in 1526 and the Charles Deslondes German Coast Uprising in 1811, played a crucial role in the abolitionist movement.

Black Organizing in the North

Black communities in the North organized mutual-aid societies and funded schools, businesses, and churches. Black women activists, like Maria W. Stewart, played a significant role in fighting for abolitionism and women's rights.

Maroon communities

Hidden communities that emerged throughout the African diaspora where self-emancipated people were free and African culture prevailed.

Maroon wars

Wars staged by a specific group or people against colonial governments, advocating for freedom and sometimes making treaties to extinguish slave rebellions.

Brazilian enslavement

The large number of enslaved Africans who were forced to work in various industries in Brazil, such as sugar plantations, gold mines, and coffee plantations.

Capoeira

A martial art developed by slaves in Brazil that combines music and singing.

Congada

A celebration in Brazil that commemorates the birth of the king of Kongo.

Slavery's affect on relations

The impact of slavery on the relationships between Maroons, Indigenous peoples, and Black communities, which often led to conflict and redefined Black communities as outsiders.

Freedom and Self-determination

The desire that led some abolitionists to build communities outside the US to avoid slavery and discrimination.

Underground Railroad

A network of black and white abolitionists who provided transportation, shelter, and resources to help enslaved individuals escape to freedom in the North, Canada, and Mexico.

Harriet Tubman

An important figure in the Underground Railroad who made multiple trips to the South to lead enslaved individuals to freedom and later served as a spy and nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Visual Depictions

The use of photography by African Americans to counter stereotypes and showcase leadership, freedom, and black achievement. (FD)

Methods of resistance against sexual violence

methods used by Black women to resist, including fighting attackers, using abortion drugs, infanticide, and running away with children.

Contributions during Civil War

contributions of free and enslaved Black communities, with men serving as soldiers and women working as cooks, nurses, and spies.

Ending enslavement

The Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment, which secured the permanent abolition of slavery in the United States.

Juneteenth

The celebration of the end of slavery in Texas in 1865, marked by the reading of General Order 3, which mentioned racial equality.