ANPS - Joint Movements

synarthroses joint

immovable joint

amphiarthroses joint

slightly moveable joint

diarthroses joint

freely moveable joint

Fibrous Joint

bones linked by immoveable collagen fibers CT (synarthroses and aphiarthroses); ex. suture (skull), gomphosis (tooth), syndesmosis (radius/ulna)

Cartilaginous Joint

bones linked by cartilage CT; (synarthroses and amphiarthroses)
- synchondroses (hyaline cartilage) = epiphyseal plate
- symphyses (fibrocartilage) = intervertebral disks

Intervertebral disc

fibrocartilage in between vertebrae

Synovial Joint

ends of bones are not connected by CT with a fluid filled joint cavity; movement (diarthroses)

Ligament

connective tissue bands connecting bone to bone

Tendon

connective tissue from muscle to bone; they cross over joints and stabilize them

Articular Disc/Meniscus

fibrocartilage disc to absorb shock or help joint fit

Labrum

fibrocartilage ring that deepens a synovial joint (shoulder/hip joints)

Bursa

closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces

Tendon sheath

closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces

Hinge Joint

movement in one direction (flexion and extension) ex. elbow

Ball and Socket Joint

movement in all directions (flex/ext, abd/add, rotation) ex. shoulder

Knee Joint

a hinge joint between the femur and tibia

Cruciate Ligaments of knee

limit anterior/posterior movement of the knee

Collateral Ligaments of knee

limit side to side movement of the knee

Meniscus cartilages of knee

keep femur oriented properly on top of the tibia

Glenohumeral Joint

ball and socket joint of the shoulder; sacrifices stability for movement

articular cartilage in synovial joints

hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones that absorb compression

joint cavity

potential space containing lubricating synovial fluid

articular capsule

two-layer fibrous capsule reinforcing joint, contains a fibrous layer continuous with periosteum and a synovial membrane

degeneration

incorrect alignment of bone surfaces cause cartilage to wear away and allows bone spurs to form; inflammation accelerates this process

Rotator cuff

4 muscles that help stabilize the shoulder joint, fuse with the joint capsule, if this tears it destabilizes the entire joint

Flexion

decreasing the angle at a joint

Extension

increasing the angle at a joint

Hyperextension

extension past anatomical position

Abduction

moving the limb away from the midline

Adduction

moving the limb towards the midline

Circumduction

moving the appendage in a circle

Medial Rotation

rotation towards the midline

Lateral Rotation

rotation away from the midline

Lateral bending (lateral flexion of spine)

bending the spine laterally in coronal plane

Pronation

radius over ulna (palm backwards/down)

Supination

radius and ulna are parallel (palm forward/up)

Dorsiflexion

flex foot upward

Plantarflexion

point toe downward

Inversion

rotate foot towards the midline at the ankle

Eversion

rotate foot laterally at the ankle

Protraction

movement anteriorly (mandible)

Retraction

movement posteriorly (mandible)

Elevation

movement superiorly (shoulders)

Depression

movement inferiorly (shoulders)

Opposition

thumb and finger together

Reposition

separate thumb and finger

bursa and tendon sheaths in the should joint

protect sliding structures, synovial fluid within these reduce friction

anatomical position

standing erect facing forward with feet together and palms forward

sagittal plane

divides body into lateral (left and right) sections

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior/posterior (front/back) sections

transverse plane

divides the body into superior/inferior (top/bottom) sections