MOTOR CONTROL LECTURE 6: POSTURAL CONTROL (EXAM I)

_____ ____ is critical to independence in functional tasks

Postural control

Impaired postural control can result in the loss of _____ ____

Functional independence

Impaired postural control can increase the risk of ____

Falls

Impaired postural control can restrict ____

Participation

Impaired postural control can increase the risk for ____ & _____

Mortality & morbidity

___ ___ is controlling the body's position in space for dual purposes of stability & orientation

Postural control

____ ____ is the ability to maintain relationship between body segments & between body and environment for a task

Postural orientation

For most functional tasks, we maintain a _____ orientation of the body

Vertical

____ _____ is the ability to control COM in relationship with BOS

Postural stability

___ ___ ___ is a point at center of total body mass

Center of mass (COM)

_____ ____ ____ is the vertical projection of COM

Center of gravity (COG)

___ ___ ___ is the area of body in contact with support surface

Base of support (BOS)

All tasks require ____ ___

Postural control

Stability and orientation demands change with each ____

Task

The task and the environment influence the ____ & ______ demands of the task

Orientation & stability

The ability to control ____ ____ in space is the complex interaction of MSK & neural systems (postural control system)

Body position

____ components of postural control:

- motor processes

- sensory processes

- higher level cognitive processes

Neural

___ ____ occurs in response to sensory feedback from external perturbation

Feedback control

____ _____ is anticipatory postural adjustments made in anticipation of voluntary movement

Feedforward control

Most tasks require ____ aspects of balance control at some point

3

____ constraints for postural control:

- change in support surfaces

- differences in visual and surface conditions

- multiple tasks

Environmental

_____ ____ can minimize effect of gravitational forces

Body alignment

Components of _____ ____ ___:

- body alignment

- muscle tone

- postural tone

Steady state balance

Components of _____ ___:

- steady state

- reactive

- anticipatory

Balance control

____ ____ is the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in fairly predictable & non changing conditions

Steady state

____ ____ examples:

- sitting

- standing

- walking at a constant speed at the same velocity

Steady state

Someone riding their bike to close to you and making you lose your balance is an example of ______ balance control

Reactive

______ is the ability to activate muscles in the legs and trunk for balance control in advance of potentially destabilizing voluntary movement

Anticipatory

Climbing down from a tall counter is an example of _____ balance control

Anticipatory

____ ____ keeps body from collapsing in response to the pull of gravity

Muscle tone

Types of ____ ____:

- intrinsic stiffness of muscles

- background muscle tone

- postural tone

Muscle tone

____ ____ is the force with which a muscle resists being lengthened

Muscle tone

___ ____ is the point at which a person will change configuration of his or her BOS to achieve stability

Stability limits

Stability limits are not fixed ____

Boundaries

Stability limits are affected by____ & ____ factors

Perceptual & cognitive

____ ___ is a movement strategy for steady state balance

Body sway

Clinical applications of ______ ____:

- berg balance scale

- observing alignment of body segments

- observing stability

- observing how much COM moves relative to BOS

Steady state

Motor patterns for _______ stability:

- ankle

- hip

- step

- reach-to-grasp

Anteriorposterior

____ strategy:

- small perturbations

- firm support surface

Ankle

____ strategy:

- larger, faster perturbations

- support surface compliant or smaller than feet

Hip

____ ___ sway muscles:

- gastroc

- hamstrings

- paraspinals

Forward ankle

____ ____ sway muscles:

- anterior tib

- quads

- abs

Backward ankle

____ ____ sway muscles:

- abs

- quads

Forward hip

____ ____ sway muscles:

- paraspinals

- hamstrings

Backward hip

The ankle strategy uses a ____ to _____ activation of muscles

Distal to proximal

The hip strategy uses a ____ to ____ activation of muscles

Proximal to distal

You can use ___ or ____ to change the BOS

UE or LE

Change in support strategy is usually used with __,_____ perturbation

Fast, large

Hip strategies provide primary control for _____ stability

Mediolateral

Change in _____ ______:

- step strategy

- reach & grasp strategy

Support strategies

____ ____ is realigning the BOS under the falling COM

Step strategy

Reach to grasp strategy is extending the BOS by using the ___

Arm

muscles that are most active during _____ _____:

- TFL

- glute med

- glute min

mediolateral stability

____ _____ are not fixed, stereotypical reactions

Postural synergies

_____ are movements in response to task demands

Adaptations

Movement strategies are refined & tuned in response to changing ____ in the task & environment

Demands

Individual muscles change their relative activation depending on the direction of ____

Instability

It is important to limit training to activation of a _____ synergy

Single

The CNS uses _____ processes in controlling action

Anticipatory

Anticipatory balance control is critical to ___ activities

LE

Postural activity anticipates _____ movement

Voluntary

____ inputs for steady state balance:

- position & motion of head with respect to surrounding objects

- reference for verticality

- information for steady state postural control

Visual

_____ contributions for steady state balance:

- provides CNS with position & motion information about body with reference to supporting surfaces

- report information about relationship of body segments to one another

- role in maintenance of steady state postural control

Somatosensory

_____ contribution for steady state balance:

- provides CNS information about position & movement of head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

Vestibular

____ is critical to maintain steady state balance in changing sensory environments and task conditions

Reweighting

Sensory inputs for____ _____ ____:

- visual

- vestibular

- somatosensory

steady state balance

____ ____ ____ is when 2 tasks are performed simultaneously

Dual task interference

___ ___ is information processing resources required to complete a task

Attentional resources

Attentional resources may ____ in performance on one or more tasks with dual task interference

Decrease

When working on balance you rely more on _____ information

Somatosensory

Somatosensory information travels _____ than visual & vestibular information

Faster