Unit 2 - Industrialism & Reform

Nativism

only “true” Americans were those who were born here

Rock Springs Massacre of 1885

28 Chinese immigrant miners killed, 15 injured, by white miners who were angry that Chinese immigrants were “taking jobs”, being paid less money, and competing for mining land

16th amendment

Allowed the federal government to force an income tax.

Push factors

Factors thats push you away from your home country like, wars, famine, violence, and poverty

Pull factors

Factors that push you towards a new country like, opportunity, better living conditions, and freedom

Monopolies

A big company that has the power to charge consumers insane prices based on demand

Assimilation

Native Americans and minority groups in the United States are encouraged or sometimes forced to adopt so-called “American” practices; erasure of native culture

19th amendment

granted women the right to vote

progressivism

Was a movement that aimed to make society better through political and social reforms.

18th Amendment

prohibited the moving and selling of alcohol

17th Amendment

Allowed direct election of the United States senator. (citizens vote for senators)

Federal Reserve System

Brought stability to banking system, prevented financial panics, consists of 12 federal banks. Lends money to private banks and set up policies that govern interest rates and amount of money in circulation

Chinese Exclusion Act

10-year ban on Chinese laborers entering the United States

The Bessemer Process

was the first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the mass production of steel.

Labor unions

Groups of workers who came together to argue for better working conditions, wage, and other issues, unions gave more power to them

strikes

Workers stopped working, forced business owners to either change policies or replace them

Temperance movement

made the production, sale, and distribution of alcohol illegal

Pendleton Act

provided that federal government jobs be awarded on how qualified they were and that government employees be selected through competitive exam

Andrew Carnegie

Led the enormous expansion of the american steel industry in the late 19th century Carnegie Steel Company was a business man and philanthropists opened carnegie uni

WEB Du Bois

African-American man fighting against racial injustice and white colonialism along with human rights violations, founded NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), advocated for education of black Americans

Jim Crow Laws

Unjust laws unfairly discriminating against African-Americans; included disenfranchisement, lynching, segregation, debt and poverty thru sharecropping

Lynching

Mobs attempt to put forth justice through the execution individuals (in this case, African- Americans)

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

advocating for civil rights through legal challenges, political lobbying, and public education. It was instrumental in key events like the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against segregation, and the push for voting rights and equality under the law.

Ida B Wells-Barnett

African-American female journalist who led the charge against lynching and advocated for women’s suffrage co founder of NAACP

Pure Food and Drug Act

ensuring that food and drugs are safe, sanitary, and labeled accurately. It prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded food and drugs, requiring manufacturers to provide truthful information about their products. This act was one of the first steps toward establishing food safety regulations in the United States.

(NAWSA)

National American Woman Suffrage Association- Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone founded in 1890

Recall

Allows voters to remove an elected official before their term ends

Initiative

Allows citizens to propose and pass a law through petitioning without interference from state legislature

Referendum

a vote in which citizens directly approve or reject a proposed law or policy

The Social Gospel

is a religious movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the application of Christian ethics to social problems, advocating for social justice, and addressing issues like poverty, inequality, and labor rights.

Ellis Island

in New York with European immigration and a more welcoming experience very quick

Angel Island

San Francisco- Asian (chinese) immigration and faced more restrictive practices immigration laws

Sherman AntiTrust

banned businesses from merging to form a monopoly. prevented these groups from controlling, and manipulating prices in a particular market.

Social Darwinism

The concept that the best-run businesses with the most capable people behind it will find the most success

Booker T. Washington

encouraging African Americans to accept segregation and discrimination while focusing on education and self-improvement as a means to gain economic independence and respect over time.

paper sons

1906 earthquake and fires destroyed San Francisco's City Hall and, along with it, all public birth records led to the illegal immigration of chinese young men to the US

Urbanization

is the process where more people move from rural areas to cities, leading to the growth and expansion of urban areas

Boarding schools

native American children were sent to boarding schools as children to be “civilized“

Ghost Dance Movement

Cultural revival tradition where the Natives would have visions/trances to; this was to practice their culture (killed many in wounded knee massacre)

Populism

seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people, often against the elite or established institutions. It typically emphasizes issues like economic equality, social justice, and government reform, advocating for policies that benefit the common people.

progressivism

seeks comprehensive social reform through institutional change.

Anti-Saloon League

an influential organization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, significantly contributing to the Prohibition movement

pollution

Destruction of environment due to rapid industrialization

the Newlands Act, or National Reclamation Act of 1902,

was a law that provided funding for irrigation projects in the Western United States to help convert arid land into productive farmland

salvation army

Had mission stations which seeked to feed the poor

The Keating-Owen Act

passed in 1916, was a law that aimed to limit child labor by prohibiting the sale of goods produced by factories that employed children under the age of 14 or required children to work more than eight hours a day.

Roosevelt’s reforms

Trust-Busting: Actively pursued actions against monopolies and large corporations to promote fair competition.

Consumer Protection: Championed laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act to ensure safe food and drug practices.

Conservation: Advocated for the preservation of natural resources and established national parks and protected lands.

Labor Rights: Supported workers' rights and advocated for better working conditions, including the arbitration of labor disputes.

Wilson’s reforms

New Freedom: Promoted a platform aimed at breaking up monopolies and reducing government regulation of business.

Federal Reserve Act: Established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking industry and stabilize the economy.

Tariff Reform: Lowered tariffs with the Underwood Tariff Act to promote competition and lower consumer prices.

Labor Rights: Supported the establishment of the Department of Labor and the Adamson Act, which established an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.

diffrence between Roosevelt and Wilson

Roosevelt was more about direct government action, while Wilson focused on economic reforms and competition.

Arbitration

is a process where an unbiased third party helps resolve a disagreement between two parties by making a decision after hearing both sides.

Mary Tape

A chinese woman that tried to send her daughter to the local elementary school and wrote a letter to the board of education, stating her daughter should be able to attend with the other white children

public vs private sphere

led to gender roles, public sphere for men work and labor women stayed in the house cooking and cleaning

Tariff reduction

refers to lowering taxes on imported goods, making it cheaper for countries to trade with each other and encouraging competition

The Hepburn Act

allowed the federal government to regulate railroad rates and set maximum prices for shipping goods. It aimed to curb unfair practices by railroads and ensure fair competition for consumers and businesses.

The Elkins Act

prohibited railroads from giving special discounts or rebates to certain customers, ensuring that all shippers paid the same rates for transporting goods. It aimed to promote fair competition and protect consumers from unfair pricing practices by the railroads

The Interstate Commerce Act

was a law that gave the federal government the power to regulate railroad rates and practices to ensure fair competition and protect consumer

The National Park System

is a collection of protected areas in the United States designated for their natural beauty, wildlife, and historical significance, aimed at preserving these landscapes for future generations and providing opportunities for public recreation and education.

Marcus Garvey

was a Jamaican activist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated for Black nationalism, self-reliance, and a return to Africa.

Samuel Gompers

was an American labor leader and the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), who played a key role in advocating for workers' rights, better wages, and improved working conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

was a group formed in the 1930s that aimed to organize workers in mass production industries, such as steel and automobiles, to improve labor rights and working conditions. It focused on uniting all workers, regardless of skill level, into one organization to fight for better wages and benefits.

Ethnic enclaves

are neighborhoods or areas where a specific ethnic group lives and maintains its cultural identity, often with its own businesses, restaurants, and social institutions. These enclaves provide a sense of community and support for immigrants and their families as they adapt to a new country

tenement

is a crowded, low-cost apartment building, often in poor condition, where many people live, especially in urban areas.

Establishment of Workers’ compensation system

Gave the workers financial and medcial aid who became ill due to work

Farmers lack of access to cash

farmers never made much back then and they still had to pay for stuff so they really needed money

Settlement Houses

Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889. Hull House provided social services, education, and support to immigrants and the poor in the surrounding community

YMCA

provide a safe and supportive environment for young men, offering recreational activities, social services, and educational programs

homestead strike

was a violent labor dispute between steelworkers and the Carnegie Steel Company in Pennsylvania, sparked by wage cuts and resulting in a major confrontation between workers and private security forces.

trustbusting Roosevelt vs Wilson

Roosevelt was more interventionist in regulating existing monopolies, while Wilson aimed for legislative reforms to prevent monopolies and protect competition

The Clayton Antitrust Act

is a law that makes it illegal for companies to engage in practices that reduce competition, like price discrimination and monopolies, and protects workers' rights to organize

James B. Weaver

was an American politician and a key figure in the Populist movement during the late 19th century. He served as the presidential candidate for the Populist Party in 1892, advocating for reforms like government control of railroads and a graduated income tax to support farmers and laborers.

wet vs dry

ban on the sale of alcohol (stay dry) or allow the sale of such products (go wet)