Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy definition

the study of bodily structure

Physiology definition

the study of bodily functions

Gross anatomy

branch of anatomy that focuses on the bigger pcture

Microanatomy

biology at the microscopic level

Histology

study of tissues

Cytology

the study of cells

Structure of organisms

cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms

Dynamic equilibrium

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite constant changes in the external environment or within the body itself

Processes are constantly adjusting to maintain a steady state

Function and key structures of skeletal system

Supports and protects internal organs

Bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartiilage

Function and key structures of muscular system

Movement and stabilization

smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and skeletal muscles

Function and key structures of nervous system

collect, process, and respond to sensory information

Brain, spinal chords, sensory organs, nerves

What do neurons do?

converts chemical energy to electrical energy back to chemical energy

Function and key structures of immune system and lymphatic system

defend from infectious diseases

lymph nodes, thymus, blood vessels, spleen, and bone marrow

Function and key structures of reproductive system

allows animals to reproduce

testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, uterus

Function and key structures of endocrine system

producing hormones to regulate bodily functions

Hypothalamus and glands (pituitary, adrenal, an thyroid)

Function and key structures of cardiovascular system

gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients transport

heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Function and key structures of respiratory system

responsible for gas exchange (take in oxygen push carbon dioxide)

lungs, nose, trachea, diaphragm

Function and key structures of digestive system

break down food and absorb nutrients

stomach, intestines, and mouth

Function and key structures of urinary system

mainains water balance, removes waste, regulates blood volume and pressure

bladder and kidneys

Function and key structures of integumentary system

protects the body from the outside world and regulates water loss (sweat) and bpdy temp

skin, hair, nails, and associated glands