PSY210_CH10-12

AMY PYLANT - CALHOUN COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Recent research emphasizes the significant role of _ in weight loss and health.

exercise

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has:

AIDS.

The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _ thinking.

reflective

A recent trend in dual-career families is:

that men are taking more responsibility for household maintenance.

What is the most accurate term for forced sexual intercourse that occurs without the consent of one of the involved parties?

rape

Establishing love maps

Having personal insights and detailed maps of each other's world; sharing feelings with each other.

Nurturing fondness and admiration

Partners sing each other's praises.

Turning toward each other instead of away

Seeing each other as friends; spouses respect each other's point of view despite disagreements.

Letting your partner influence you

Willingness to share power and to respect the other person's view.

Creating shared meaning

Speaking candidly and respectfully with each other, sharing goals, and working together to achieve each other's goals.

Identity

Self-portrait made of many pieces, including career, political, religious, relationships, achievement/intellectual, sexual, cultural/ethnic, interests, personality, and physical aspects.

Identity versus identity confusion

Erikson's adolescent stage in which young people try to figure out who they are and where they are going; failure leads to confusion about roles and direction.

Psychosocial moratorium

Adolescent "time-out" period from adult responsibilities that allows exploration of roles in love, work, and ideology.

Crisis

Exploration period of identity development when a person is actively considering alternatives.

Commitment

Personal investment in a particular set of roles, values, or goals.

Identity diffusion

Identity status characterized by no exploration and no commitments; drifting without clear direction.

Identity foreclosure

Identity status characterized by commitments made without prior exploration, often by accepting parents' or authority figures' values.

Identity moratorium

Identity status involving active exploration of alternatives without yet making commitments.

Identity achievement

Identity status achieved after exploring different options and then making firm commitments.

Ethnic identity

Sense of belonging to an ethnic group plus the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

Bicultural identity

Pattern in which a person identifies partly with their ethnic group and partly with the larger culture.

Autonomy and attachment in adolescence

Parents loosen direct control but continue to guide decisions; adolescents gain more independence, and secure attachment helps support healthy relationships.

Parent-adolescent conflict pattern

Conflicts between parents and adolescents mostly involve everyday issues, rise in early adolescence, level off in the high school years, and lessen by the end of adolescence.

Sullivan's view of adolescent friendships

Friendships in adolescence help meet social needs, shape development, motivate seeking close friends, and foreshadow the quality of adult romantic relationships.

Peer pressure

Pressure to conform to peers' standards and expectations.

Cliques

Small groups of about 2 to 12 members, usually same sex and age, that develop a strong in-group identity.

Crowds

Larger, less personal groups based on reputation; members may or may not spend much time together.

First stage of adolescent romantic relationships

Period in early adolescence (about ages 11-13) when romantic attractions and affiliations first emerge.

Second stage of adolescent romantic relationships

Period in middle adolescence (about ages 14-16) focused on exploring romantic relationships and casual dating.

Third stage of adolescent romantic relationships

Period in late adolescence (about ages 17-19) when more stable, long-term romantic bonds form.

Dating in gay and lesbian youth

Sexual minority youth often date other-sex peers to clarify their orientation or to disguise it from others.

Rite of passage

Ceremony or ritual that marks transition from one status to another, often granting access to adult practices, knowledge, and sexuality and involving symbolic death and rebirth or contact with the spiritual world.

Rites of passage for American adolescents

In the U.S., passage from adolescence to adulthood is not marked by a universal formal ceremony; religious rites, graduation ceremonies, and social initiations play similar roles.

Media use in adolescence

Television viewing and video-game playing peak in early adolescence and then decline; older adolescents spend more time listening to music, using computers, and on the Internet, including risks such as cyberbullying and sex crimes.

Juvenile delinquent

Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal, with especially high rates among minority and lower-SES youth.

Causes of delinquency

Heredity, identity problems, community influences, family experiences, weak parental monitoring, family discord, inconsistent discipline, sibling influences, and delinquent peers all contribute to law-breaking behavior.

Depression in adolescence

Adolescent girls consistently show higher rates than boys, influenced by family problems, poor peer relationships, and romantic difficulties.

Suicide in adolescence

Behavior that escalates in adolescence and increases further in emerging adulthood; second-leading cause of death for ages 10 to 19, with many more attempts than completed acts.

Gender differences in suicide

Females are more likely to attempt, males more likely to die because they use more lethal means such as guns; wrist-cutting and pill overdoses are more common in females; such youth often have depressive symptoms.

Interrelation of adolescent problems

Four problem areas—drug abuse, delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related problems—tend to overlap, and multiple problems increase risk.

Successful prevention and intervention programs

Effective approaches share intensive individualized attention, community-wide multi-agency collaboration, and early identification and intervention.

Emerging adulthood

Transition from adolescence to adulthood, roughly ages 18 to 25, marked by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and seeing this as an age of possibilities.

Markers of becoming an adult

Common markers of adult status include holding a permanent full-time job, economic independence, taking responsibility for oneself, and emotional control.

High school to college transition

Move from high school to college repeats the "top-dog" shift and involves a larger, more impersonal structure, more diverse peers, and increased focus on achievement and assessment.

Physical performance in early adulthood

Physical performance peaks before age 30, often between ages 19 and 26, then gradually declines, with visible signs such as sagging chins, protruding abdomens, and lessened abilities, while sensory systems change little.

Health in early adulthood

Mortality rate more than doubles compared to adolescence, but chronic health problems are still few; colds and respiratory problems are less common, and many do not consider long-term effects of lifestyle on health.

Obesity

Body mass index of 30 or more; associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mental health problems.

Aerobic exercise and dieting

Weight control efforts often focus on food, but the most effective approaches combine dietary changes with sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung function.

Binge drinking and substance abuse

Pattern of heavy episodic drinking more common in college men, linked to missing classes, injuries, police trouble, and unprotected sex; many young adults reduce substance use by their mid-twenties.

Sexual activity in emerging adulthood

Most young adults are sexually active and not married; males tend to have more casual partners; casual sex is more common in the 18-25 age group than in later young adulthood.

Sexual orientation

Attraction patterns toward same-sex, opposite-sex, or both sexes, influenced by genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Diseases contracted mainly through intercourse and oral-genital or anal-genital contact, including bacterial infections like gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and viral infections like herpes, genital warts, and HIV.

HIV and AIDS

Virus that attacks the immune system and, over time, leads to a condition in which even minor infections can become life-threatening.

Protecting yourself from STIs

Strategies such as knowing one's own and partner's risk status, obtaining medical examinations, practicing protected sex, and avoiding multiple partners.

Rape

Forced sexual intercourse that occurs without the consent of one of the involved parties.

Male rapist characteristics

Pattern in which aggression enhances a sense of power or masculinity, accompanied by anger at women and a desire to hurt and humiliate victims.

Effects of rape on victims

Traumatic experience often followed by shock, numbness, disorganization, and later symptoms such as depression, fear, anxiety, increased substance use, and sexual problems that can last months or years.

Date or acquaintance rape

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the victim is at least casually acquainted; reported by many college women and admitted by many college men.

Sexual harassment

Behavior that misuses power, ranging from inappropriate remarks and physical contact to explicit propositions and assault, often producing psychological harm; efforts aim to create education and work environments free of this behavior.

Formal operational thought

Stage of thinking in which people can reason abstractly and logically; adolescents and adults share this level, with adults expanding knowledge in specific domains.

Postformal thought

Form of adult thinking that recognizes that solutions may vary by situation, require reflection, must be realistic, and are influenced by emotion and subjectivity.

Careers and work in early adulthood

Themes of early adulthood such as earning a living, choosing an occupation, establishing a career, and developing within that career; many complete education or training by their mid-twenties and enter full-time work.

Impact of work

Activity that shapes financial standing, housing, time use, location, friendships, and health and provides structure and rhythm to life; long periods without it can feel like a loss of structure.

Effects of unemployment

Loss of employment that produces stress regardless of whether it is temporary or permanent, due to loss of income, financial hardship, and lowered self-esteem.

Dual-career couples

Family pattern in which both partners work, often creating difficulties in balancing job demands with home life; includes shifts in division of responsibilities for work and family.

Glass ceiling

Invisible barrier that limits advancement of women and ethnic minorities into managerial and executive positions, despite increasing workplace diversity.

Stability and change in socioemotional development

Socioemotional development that involves integrating emotional experiences into daily relationships; early experiences, including attachment, are important for adult patterns.

Secure attachment style

Adult attachment style marked by positive views of relationships and comfort with closeness.

Avoidant attachment style

Adult attachment pattern characterized by reluctance to get involved in romantic relationships.

Anxious attachment style

Adult attachment pattern in which individuals seek excessive closeness, are less trusting, and show more emotionality, jealousy, and possessiveness.

Love

Broad category of close bonds that includes friendship, romantic bonds, caring relationships, and forms that combine different elements.

Intimacy

Sharing private thoughts and personal information in a close relationship.

Intimacy versus isolation

Early adulthood stage in Erikson's theory in which, after establishing identity, the main task is forming close relationships; failure leads to loneliness and separation.

Intimacy and independence balance

Lifespan task of balancing closeness and long-term commitment with independence and personal freedom.

Friendship patterns in adulthood

Role of close companions across the life span; women tend to have more close friends, more self-disclosure and mutual support, and conversations that are central to their relationships.

Romantic (passionate) love

Bond characterized by strong sexual desire and infatuation, often dominant in the early phase of a romantic relationship.

Affectionate (companionate) love

Bond marked by desire to keep another person near and provide deep caring, with declining passion and increasing warmth and closeness over time.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of love

Model that describes close bonds in terms of three components: physical/sexual attraction, emotional closeness and sharing, and decision to maintain the relationship.

Consummate love

Form of close bond that includes high levels of physical/sexual attraction, emotional closeness, and long-term commitment.

Single adults

Pattern in which more adults remain unmarried longer, gaining freedom over life choices, schedules, and privacy, but facing issues like loneliness and difficulty finding a place in marriage-oriented society.

Cohabitation

Living together in a sexual relationship without marriage, often as an ongoing lifestyle, but facing issues such as parental disapproval, joint property complications, unclear legal rights at breakup, and higher risk of partner violence.

Marriage patterns in adulthood

Pattern in the U.S. in which most women marry at some point, adolescent marriages are more likely to end in divorce, and average marriage duration is just over nine years, with gender equality shifting roles and fragility.

Benefits of a good marriage

Evidence that people in satisfying, stable unions live longer, healthier lives, while those in distressed unions show more physical problems and psychological problems.

Risk factors for divorce

Factors such as marrying young, having low education and income, lacking religious affiliation, having divorced parents, having a baby before marriage, alcoholism, psychological problems, domestic violence, infidelity, and unfair household labor division.

Strategies for divorced adults

Approach that involves viewing separation as a chance for growth, making decisions carefully, focusing on future possibilities, using personal strengths and resources to cope, and accepting that not every effort will succeed.

Remarried adults

Pattern in which many separated individuals form new unions within about three years; men often remarry sooner, higher-income men remarry more, initiators remarry sooner, and new unions tend to improve mental health, finances, and shared decision making.

Gay and lesbian adults

Evidence that same-sex couples show similar satisfaction, love, joy, and conflict as different-sex couples; stereotypes of "one masculine, one feminine" and many partners are rare; many seek long-term committed unions.

Gottman's principles for making marriage work

Principles for strong unions that include detailed knowledge of each other's inner world, appreciation and praise, turning toward each other, willingness to be influenced, and creating a shared sense of purpose.

Becoming a parent

Trend toward more one-child families and fewer births, freeing time for other pursuits; mothers who work invest less direct time, fathers invest more, institutional care supplements parenting, and timing of births (early vs late) has pros and cons.

Rapport talk

Conversation style focused on establishing connections and negotiating relationships, more often preferred by women.

Report talk

Conversation style focused on giving information, such as public speaking, more often preferred by men and sometimes frustrating to women who value relational talk.