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5.1-5.5 Vocab
Enlightenment
A cultural and intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, freedom, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, leading to advancements in science, philosophy, and political thought.
Nationalism
A feeling of intense loyalty and devotion to one's nation, as well as to others that share one’s language and culture.
Empiricism
A philosophical theory that emphasizes knowledge coming from sensory experience, advocating for observation and experimentation as the primary sources of knowledge.
John Locke
An English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known for his theories on natural rights and government by consent, particularly in his work "Two Treatises of Government."
Thomas Hobbs
A 17th-century English philosopher known for his social contract theory, particularly in his work "Leviathan," where he argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and conflict.
Social Contract
An implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and government, sacrificing some freedoms for security and order.
Tabula Rasa
The theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and that all knowledge comes from experience or perception.
Philosophes
A group of Enlightenment thinkers in 18th-century who advocated for reason, science, and individual rights, influencing modern political and philosophical thought. Ex. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and French thinkers
Baron Montesque
An Enlightenment thinker known for his work "The Spirit of the Laws," which used checks on power and advocated for the separation of powers in government.
Voltaire
A leading figure of the Enlightenment known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state, as well as his satirical works.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
An influential Enlightenment philosopher whose works, including "The Social Contract," emphasized the importance of individual freedom and the concept of the general will in political theory.
Adam Smith
A Scottish economist and philosopher, best known for his book "The Wealth of Nations," which laid the foundations for modern economics and advocated for free markets and the division of labor.
Laissez-Faire
An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing individuals to pursue their own interests. Provided a foundation for Capitalism.
Capitalism
an economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
Deism
A philosophical belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings. Emphasis on reason and observation of the natural world.
Thomas Paine
An influential writer and political activist, is best known for his pamphlet "Common Sense," which advocated for American independence from Britain and promoted Enlightenment ideas.
Medieval Scholasticism
A method of critical thought that dominated teaching in medieval universities, combining Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle. Ex. St. Thomas Aquinas
Renaissance Humanism
A cultural and intellectual movement in Europe that emphasized the study of classical texts, human potential, and individualism, influencing art, literature, and education. Ex. Erasmus and Mirandola
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and philosophy during the 16th to 18th centuries, characterized by a shift from traditional views to empirical evidence and rationality, leading to modern science and influences on political and social thought. Ex. Issac Newton and John Locke.
Conservatism
A political philosophy advocating for tradition, established institutions, and gradual change rather than radical reform. It emphasizes stability and continuity in society.
Socialism
A political and economic theory advocating for the establishment of a perfect society through cooperative living and equitable distribution of resources, often envisioning a community where goods are shared and wealth is evenly distributed.
Utopian Socialists
Early socialists who envisioned ideal communities based on cooperative living and equitable resource distribution, often proposing reforms to achieve a perfect society.
Henri de Saint-Simon
A French philosopher that believed that scientists and engineers could work with businesses to create a better society. He advocated for public works that could provide employment.
Charles Fourier
A utopian socialist that believed a fundamental part of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than class struggle. Identified passions that would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired.
Robert Owen
Established intentional communities goverened by utopian principles. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure work.
Fabian Society
A group of gradual socialists who favored reforming society by parliamentary means.
Classical Liberalism
A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
Feminism
The movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.
Mary Wollstonecraft
A pioneering writer who argued that females should receive the same education as men by publishing A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
Abolitionism
The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people; reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people at the end of serfdom.
Zionism
The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.
anti-Semitism
Hostility and prejudice towards Jews
Theodore Herzl
A Jewish journalist and writer who is considered the father of Zionism. He advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state as a response to anti-Semitism.
Dreyfus Affair
A political scandal in France during the late 19th century involving the wrongful conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French Army, for treason. The case was marked by widespread anti-Semitism, controversy, and debates over justice and civil rights in a rapidly changing society.
The Declaration of Independence
A summarization and expression of the philosophy behind colonists fight against the British rule. Thomas Jefferson wrote about “unalienable rights” (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
Industrial Revolution
The change in society and the economy due to new technologies.
Industrialization
The increased mechanization of production & the social change that accompanied that shift.
Agricultural Revolution
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming that led to increased productivity. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
Crop Rotation
The rotating of different crops in and out of a field during the course of a year.
Seed Drill
A devise that efficiently placed seeds in a designated spot in the ground.
Cottage Industry
A system in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.
Spinning Jenny
A peipiecece of technology that allowed a weaver to spin more than 1 thread at a time.
Water Frame
A piece of technology that used waterpower to spin a wheel.
Richard Arkwright
The man who patented the Water Frame, and was also known as the father of the Factory System.
Factory System
A method of manufacturing whereby workers and manufacturing equipment are centralized in a factory, the work is supervised and structured through a division of labor, and the manufacturing process is mechanized. Introduced by Richard Arkwright.
Interchangeable Parts
A system used for manufacturing firearms where if a part breaks it could be easily replaced with a new identical part.
Eli Whitney
The inventor of the interchangeable parts system.
Division of Labor
Separation of tasks in a system.
Specialization of Labor
A system in which one worker would only work on one type of task.
Assembly Line
A series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
Capital
Money available to invest in businesses.
Enclosure Movement
Where the government fenced off the commons and sold it to people with high class.
Seaways
Inland waterways capable of accommodating seagoing ships.
Raw Materials
The basic material from which a product is made.
Manchester and Liverpool
Urban areas in Great Britain where small farmers moved to due to the enclosure movement.
Human Capital
The workforce
The trans-Siberian Railroad
A railroad that connected Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing for Russia to easily trade with East Asia.
Defense Modernization
A process where technology made in the US and Europe was constantly adapted in Japan to protect its culture.
Company Rule
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Steam Engine
An inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which turned into energy for machinery.
James Watt
Inventor of the Steam Engine.
Coal
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock primarily composed of carbon, used extensively as a fuel source during the Industrial Revolution and beyond.
Coaling Stations
Refueling stations used by navies’ coal-powered steam ships.
Second Industrial Revolution
A period when advances in steel production, electricity and petroleum caused a series of innovations that changed society.
Steel
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible.
Oil
A naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is composed of hydrocarbons and other organic materials that became a crucial energy source that fueled industrialization, transforming economies and societies globally.
Alexander Graham Bell
Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.
Gugliemo Marconi
Italian physicist and inventor of a successful wireless telegraph, or radio.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad line that connected the United States from the east coast to the west coast.
