Hydro Power / Ram Pump / Ocean Energy

Hydropower

a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign

source of energy

Hydropower

It is based on a simple concept where the moving water turns a turbine that

spins a generator and produces electricity.

head of water

It derives energy from a moving water or from potential energy source which

is the ____

hydropower technologies

Hydro power technologies basically include: a MICROHYDRO which drives a turbine; a WATER WHEEL; and the HYDRAULIC RAM which, due to pulsating energy

from velocity of water, raises a portion of water higher than its source.

Large- Hydro

Medium-Hydro

Small-Hydro Power

Mini-Hydro

Micro-Hydro

Pico-Hydro

Tiny-Hydro

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER (7)

Large- Hydro

- produces enough electricity for large towns and

extensive grid supplies. This produces more than 100MW of power and

usually feeding large electricity grid.

Medium-Hydro

- usually from 15 to 100MW feeding the grid

Small-Hydro Power

- provides power between 1 to 15MW usually

feeding into a grid

Mini-Hydro

- provides a small contribution to the national grid and

typically supply power from 300kW to below 1MW

Micro-Hydro

- a smaller hydro system than mini-hydro and generally

does not contribute to national grid. This is used in remote areas where

the power grid does not extend. It is typically used to supply power for

one rural industry or one rural community. Power ranges from 5 to 300kW.

Pico-Hydro

- From few hundred watts up to 5kW

Tiny-Hydro

- usually less than 1kW.

Impulse Turbine/ Pelton Wheel

Rotates the turbine as a

result of high velocity jet

of water that hits the

impeller

Reaction Turbine

Rotates the turbine as a

result of the

displacement of water

water wheels or water turbines.

The movement of masses of water is a form of kinetic energy which can be converted

into mechanical energy through the use of ___ or ___

(a) the falling/flowing of streams of water through the force of gravity

(b) the rise and fall of tides through lunar (and solar) gravity.

In general, two types

of water masses movement can be used:

Ambuklao Dam (Benguet)

Binga Dam

Magat Dam

Facilities in the country that facilitates hydropower

11%

As of 2026, hydropower accounts for about __% of the country's electricity generation

Potential energy -> Kinetic Energy -> Mechanical Energy -> Electrical Energy

Energy Conversion principle of hydropower

mechanical rotational energy

Flowing water strikes turbine blades, causing them to spin. this converts kinetic energy into _____energy

electromagnetic induction

(electrical energy)

The rotating turbine shafts drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity through ____

Dam/Weir

Reservoir

Intake

Penstock

Turbine

Generator

Transmission lines

Fundamental components of a hydropower system (7)

Dam/Weir

creates a reservoir to store water and increase head (height difference)

Reservoir

Stores water to ensure continuous power generation and regulates flow

Intake

direct water from reservoir into the system

Penstock

A large pipe or channel that carries water under pressure to the turbine

Turbine

converts the energy of moving water into rotational ME

Generator

Produces electricity by electromagnetic induction as the turbine spins it

Transmission Lines

carry generated electricity to the power grid or consumers

Head (H)

[m]

the vertical distance between the water source and the turbine. a higher head increases the PE available

[m]

Flow (Q)

[m^3/s]

The volume of water passing through a system per unit time. Greater flow means more KE

[m^3/s]

Impulse Turbine

best for high head, low flow conditions. Water jets strike turbine, buckets, converting KE directly

Reaction turbine

Best for medium to low head and high flow. Water pressure and flow together drive the turbine blades

Impulse Turbine

Reaction Turbine

Types of turbine used in hydropower

1. Run-of-River Flow

2. Reservoir Storage (Impounded Water)

3. Pumped Storage System

Main types of hydropower systems (3)

Magat Dam (Isabela),

Pantabangan Dam (NE),

Ambuklao-Binga Dams (Benguet)

Major hydropower plants that use reservoir storage

Pumped Storage System

Hydropower plant that act as large batteries which pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir during periods of low electricity demand and release it back to generate electricity during peak demand

Kalayaan pumped storage system (Laguna)

Place that use pumped storage system

High Head System

Medium Head System

Low Head System

Classification Based on Water Flow and Head (3)

High Head System

Use steep drops in mountainous regions

Requires smaller water flow but produce high pressure on turbines

often use Pelton Wheel Turbine

(>100 m)

Medium Head System

operate on rivers with moderate elevation difference

Use Francis turbines

(30-100 m)

Low Head System

use wide rivers or lowland streams with small elevation difference

use Kaplan Turbines

(

Pelton/Turgo (impulse) turbine

Type of Turbine

-high head, low flow, for mountainous sitios

eff: 85-90%

Crossflow (Banki)

Type of Turbine

-wide head, tolerant of debris and variable flow

-for micro hydro

eff: 60-85%

Francis (reaction)

Type of Turbine

-medium head , common in mini plants

eff: 85-92%

Kaplan/ Propeller

Type of Turbine

-low head, high flow, good along irrigation canals or broad rivers

eff: 80-90%

Pump-as-turbine (PAT)

Type of Turbine

-standard centrifugal pump run in reverse, cheap and available

-ideal for energy recovery in canal drops

eff: 50-80%

Hydraulic Ram Pumps

a self acting pump that uses the water-hammer effect

a. Hydro power

Power generated from falling water.

a. Hydro power

b. Biomass power

c. Wind power

d. None of the above

a. Impulse turbine

Turbine used for hydro system in which pressurized

water is converted to high-speed jet by letting the water

pass through a nozzle.

a. Impulse turbine

b. Reaction turbine

c. Water wheel

d. None of the above

b. Reaction turbine

Turbine for hydro system that runs completely filled

with water.

a. Impulse turbine

b. Reaction turbine

c. Water wheel

d. None of the above

c. 1.6 kw

One hundred liters of water is falling per second

at 10m head. The turbine efficiency is 80%. What is

the hydraulic power of the hydro system?

a. 2.5 kw

b. 1.9 kw

c. 1.6 kw

d. None of the above

c. Micro hydro

Hydro system producing 200watt to 300kW

electricity that does not contribute to the national grid

but energizes far flung areas where grid does not

exist.

a. Full-scale hydro

b. Small hydro

c. Micro hydro

d. All of the above

b. Forebay tank

Part of a hydro system where water passes

through before it enters the penstock.

a. Diversion weir

b. Forebay tank

c. Settling basin

d. None of the above

c. Settling basin

Device used to remove sand from the hydro

system before water enters the turbine.

a. Diversion weir

b. Forebay tank

c. Settling basin

d. None of the above

a. Diversion weir

Entry point of water in a hydro system that

measures and regulates the amount of flow of water.

a. Diversion weir

b. Forebay tank

c. Settling basin

d. None of the above

b. Penstock

Pipe that conveys water from the forebay tank to

the turbine of a hydro system.

a. Pipe Channel

b. Penstock

c. Intake Weir

d. None of the above

c. 230

A hydro site offers 50m head and 1.2 m3/s flow.

With 1500rpm alternator speed requirement in a

direct-drive transmission, compute the specific

speed of the turbine for the system. Assume a

turbine efficiency of 70%.

a. 198

b. 210

c. 230

d. None of the above

c. Powerhouse

Structure where the turbine and the generator

convert water power to electricity.

a. Generator shed

b. Engine housing

c. Powerhouse

d. None of the above

b. Penstock pipe

Component of a micro-hydro system that carries

the water from forebay tank to the power house.

a. Channel

b. Penstock pipe

c. Intake weir

d. None of the above

b. Intake weir

Part of a micro-hydro system that diverts the flow

of water in the system.

a. Channel

b. Intake weir

c. Forebay tank

d. None of the above

a. P170,400.00

A 10kWe micro-hydro power generating device

is to be constructed for barangay electrification

project. If the total cost of materials is

P120,000.00, how much is the direct cost for the

project? Assume a labor cost of 40% of the

material cost plus 2% rental for the facility in the

fabrication of the machine.

a. P170,400.00

b. P168,300.00

c. P105,000.00

d. None of the above

c. P59,640.00

How much is the indirect cost for the project in

Item above if the OC&M is 30% and the

mobilization cost is 5%?

a. P46,645.00

b. P49,532.00

c. P59,640.00

d. None of the above

b. P34,506.00

Referring to the above item, how much is the profit

margin of the project if the mark-up is 15%?

a. P22,650.00

b. P34,506.00

c. P39,834.00

d. None of the above

b. P264,546.00

How much is the overall fabrication cost of the microhydro

project in the above item?

a. P276,543.00

b. P264,546.00

c. P251,240.00

d. None of the above

a. P316,451.52

Still referring to the same item, if the installation,

delivery, testing, and commissioning costs of the project

above are P10,000, P5,000, P1,000, and P2,000

respectively, how much is the total project cost? Assume

a 12% VAT.

a. P316,451.52

b. P282,546.00

c. P200,264.00

d. None of the above

b. cause excessive corrosion to the turbine wheel

Suspended solids are minimized to pass through

hydro systems for they will ____.

a. change the speed of the turbine wheels

b. cause excessive corrosion to the turbine wheel

c. cause overloading of the generator

d. All of the above

b. 5.5 kW

What is the power that can be generated by a

hydro-turbine with 40 lps water input at 20m head?

The turbine efficiency is 70%.

a. 4.8 kW

b. 5.5 kW

c. 6.2 kW

d. None of the above

Hydraulic Ram Pump

The pump uses the momentum of a relatively large amount of

moving water to pump a relatively small amount of water uphill.

Hydraulic Ram Pump

A type of pump that uses the energy of flowing water falling on a

limited height to lift a small amount of that water to a much greater

height

velocity to pressure.

The principle of ram is conversion of __ to __

60-80%

Efficiency of hydraulic ram pump

10%

Only __ of the water it consumes actually makes it up to delivery pipe.

Inlet Drive Pipe

- is where water

enters into the ram pump creating a

velocity pressure in the system.

Discharge Vessel

- is where the

excess water passes through and

leaves the pump.

Outlet-Delivery Pipe

- is the vertical

pipe where the pressured water is

delivered out of the system.

Waste Valve

- releases the water into

the discharge vessel

Delivery Check Valve

- controls the

amount of water being delivered to the

pressure vessel

Pressure Vessel

- is chamber that

creates pressure for the water for

delivery to the pipe

c. Hydraulic Ram

A cyclic operating water power device.

a. Microhydro

b. Water wheel

c. Hydraulic Ram

d. None of the above

a. Velocity pressure to static pressure

Ram pump converts the energy from ____.

a. Velocity pressure to static pressure

b. Velocity pressure to velocity pressure

c. Static pressure to velocity pressure

d. None of the above

b. 60 to 80%

Technical energy efficiency of ram pump.

a. 40 to 60%

b. 60 to 80%

c. 80 to 100%

d. None of the above

c. 3-35%

Approximate amount of water that can be lifted by

hydraulic ram.

a. 60-80%

b. 35-60%

c. 3-35%

d. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is site specific technology?

a. Microhydro

b. Water wheel

c. Hydraulic Ram

d. All of the above

a. lesser

The higher is the delivery pipe of the ram pump the

____ is the water output.

a. lesser

b. more

c. same

d. None of the above

Ram Pump Irrigation System

RPIS

e. Turbine

Which of the following is not part of ram pump

irrigation system?

a. Intake Structure

b. Diversion Pipe

c. Catchment Tank

d. Drive Pipe

e. Turbine

f. Delivery Pipe

g. Reservoir

h. Outlet Manifold

i. None of the above

b. 36 lpm

A ram pump is expected to receive 150 liters of

water at 6-meter head. What is the rate of flow of

water expected that can be received from a 10mhigh

delivery pipe? Consider a factor of 0.4.

a. 25 lpm

b. 36 lpm

c. 40 lpm

d. None of the above

a. providing uniform feeding of water and removal of

sediments that will enter the pump.

The catchment tank basically is provided for the

ram pump system for the purpose of ____ .

a. providing uniform feeding of water and removal of

sediments that will enter the pump.

b. adding to the cost of investment for the ram pump

system.

c. Improving the aesthetic of the technology

d. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following are the DA-BAFE Projects

on Pump Irrigation System?

a. SPIS

b. RPIS

c. WPIS

d. All of the above

e. Two of the above

Ocean Thermal Energy

A technology that generates

electricity by exploiting the

temperature difference between

warm, sun-heated ocean surface

water and cold, deep ocean water,

a process that requires at least a

20°C difference.

Ocean Wave Energy

It harnesses the kinetic energy

of ocean waves to generate

electricity using devices like

that convert wave

motion into electrical power

floating buoys or oscillating water

columns

Ocean Wave energy devices

Ocean Tidal Energy

It harnesses the predictable

rise and fall of tides, caused by

the gravitational pull of the moon

and sun, to generate electricity.

Underwater Turbine

A device that captures the energy from ocean waves and converts it into electricity, often using a

turbine to spin a generator.

Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

Devices like the ___ capture air as waves rise and fall, channeling it

through a turbine to produce power.

Tidal Barrage System

A structure resembling a dam built across an estuary or bay to capture the potential energy of tidal

differences

Tidal Barrage System

It functions like a traditional hydroelectric dam, using turbines within the structure to convert the

difference in water levels between high and low tides into electricity

Close-Cycle OTEC System

Uses a working fluid that is

repeatedly evaporated and condensed

in the system

Open-Cycle OTEC System

Uses the warm surface seawater

directly to create steam, which drives

a turbine.

The steam is then condensed

using cold deep seawater, producing

desalinated water.