Geology 103 final study questions

4.6 billion

Earth is approximately _____ years old

planetesimals

the particles that accreted to make early planets are called _________

erosional or non-depositional contacts representing different depositional ages

what is the term 'unconformity' explained in geology

ripple marks on biloxi beach

What's NOT considered evidence to support the continental drifting hypothesis

nonconformity

a surface of erosion on metamorphic or igneous rocks, below sedimentary rocks is a

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core, inner core

layers of the Earth based on physical properties

superposition

According to the Principle of ________, in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom of the sequence

too hot

what is the reason for no life on Early Earth

divergent, convergent, transform

What are the three major plate boundaries

rivers

What is NOT a component in rock cycle?

not located at a plate boundary

The Hawaiian Volcanoes are __________

thinner and denser

oceanic crust is __________ than the continental crust

polymorphs

minerals with the same chemical composition but different forms are called _________

Cambrian

The first time period in the Paleozoic Era, where most of the animals with hard body parts evolved would be ________

magnetite

Give an example of an opaque mineral

quartz

the mineral that shows conchoidal fractures would be ______

principle of original horizontality

folding or tilting can be used to determine the relative ages of the rock layers. The principle related to these is called ________

trace fossils

coprolites, foot prints, burrows.... these are _______

slab push

what is NOT a force related to plate motion

continental hotspot

Yellowstone national park lies atop a

uniformitarianism

James Hutton was an important 18th-century English geologist and proponent of

false

true or false: earth had oxygen from the beginning of its formation

core

the rocks of the _____ are denser than the rocks of the mantle

plant or animal material that has been preserved for long time periods in Earth's history

What is a fossil

quartz

What is the most stable mineral on the earth's crust/

C-C convergent margin

formation of the Himalayan mountains is an example of ________

index fossils

a fossil represents a specific time period in the geological time scale are called ____________

faults, intrusion/fault

________ and _________are considered as younger features in sequence of stratigraphy

trench

_______ is defined as the surface expression of a subduction zone

carbonization

________ is a type of fossil preservation

intrusions

__________ is younger than existing rocks according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

uplift

weathering and erosion remove materials from the lithosphere while deep-seated materials _______ balancing the gravity

melting points

partial melts form due to the different _________ of minerals

seismic

earth's layers were determined using ______ waves

oceanic-continental, ocean-ocean, and divergent margins

What are all the possible tectonic settings to form volcanoes?

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystalline structure, chemical composition

what are the five requirements for something to be a mineral?

talc, topaz, quartz, and feldspar

list all silicate group minerals in the Moh's hardness scale

disconformity; when there is a break between sedimentary rocks, typically from erosion or non-deposition

explain one type of unconformity(sketch with labels)

the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle such that the crust "floats" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density

what is isostasy?

It means the "key to the past". We now can have a better understanding of past processes when using modern techniques to look back in time

What is meant by the term 'uniformitarianism'?

precipitation and evaporation

explain two mechanisms of forming minerals

zircon

Example of a radiogenic mineral

14C dating

What dating technique is NOT related to relative dating

100 million years

if an isotope has a half-life of 50 million years and 25% of the sample remaining consists of unstable isotopes (parents), what is the age of the rock from which it was taken?

half life is determined by parent/ daughter isotope ratios

What is true about half-life?

fast cooling makes phaneritic texture

What is NOT true about igneous rocks

lava

the molten rock at the Earth's surface is called __________

felsic

which type of igneous rocks have the HIGHEST silica content?

hydrolysis

what is NOT an example of mechanical weathering?

weathering

Sediments produce by the process of _______

water, air, and organic matter

Good soil consists of

water

the most important component useful in chemical weathering is

detrital sedimentary rocks are formed via precipitation

What is NOT true about sedimentary rocks

diagenesis

chemical, physical, and biological changes happen to the sediments after the deposition in a sedimentary environment is termed as _______

quartz

what is the main mineral in sandstone

sea level rising

transgression means?

ductile, brittle

folding is a _______ response to deformation while faulting is a ______ response to deformation

lake

what is an example of a continental depositional environment

coal is a mineral

What is NOT true about coal?

climate, parent rock, surface area of rock

What could affect the rate of weathering?

false

true or false: silicates weather faster than carbonates

gravel, sand, silt, clay

The designation of sediment grain size, from largest to smallest, is

beach

'symmetrical ripple marks' represent ________environment

shale

What is NOT a chemical sedimentary rock?

kaolinite

forms as a result of chemical weathering of Feldspar

xenolith

______ is a foreign Earth material embedded in the igneous rock

older

anticlines have ______ rocks at the center of the fold

clastic

Coquina is a ______ sedimentary rock

strike, dip

_______ is a horizontal measurement while _____ is a vertical measurement

chemical

Chert, Limestone, and Evaporites are ________ sedimentary rocks

normal

a _______ fualt is an example of a vertical fault type

anthracite

_________ is metamorphosed coal

transgression

fining upward sequence is marked by _________

on the top

hanging wall of a fault is the one _______ of the fault plane

weathering is the entire process of how sediments break down and includes erosion in the entire process

Define weathering

movement of sediment from its source

define erosion

forming minerals at different temperatures as magma cools

What is fractional crystallization?

transgression- regression cycles relate to glacial-interglacial cycles in the way that they form and melt. Transgression happens when the sea level rises, therefore when glaciers melt the sea level rises. When glaciers form it causes regression because there is less water due to it being frozen

What is the potential relationship between Transgression-Regression cycles and glacial-interglacial cycles? explain well

rock units represent a unique depositional environment and these facies can tell us what kind of environment. Examples would be sandstone, shale, and limestone in regression

What is facies and explain how it is useful in geology

temperature, rock type, confining pressure, climate

what are the factors affecting rate of weathering

Residual soils forms nest to parent rock and is not transported

What is meant by 'residual soil'?

marble

What is an example of a metamorphic rock?

rough parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicular to the direction of the pressure

What is foliation?

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

list the rocks in increasing metamorphic grade from lowest to highest

the zone where you would find the minerals that are representing the metamorphic grade

What is meant by the term "metamorphic zone"?

burial

the metamorphism that is associated with sediment deposition in a basinal environment is called ________ metamorphism (the lowest grade metamorphism)

intrusive igneous bodies

dike, sills laccoliths, batholiths are ________

composite cone

The most explosive type of volcano would be _________

shield volcano

the volcano type with caldera would be _________

cinder cone

Which kind of volcano occurs in clusters

slate

which of the following geological formations would have the highest porosity? (granite, slate, claystone, peridotite)

sandstone

which of the following geological formations would have the highest permeability? (sandstone, granite, slate, claystone)

dissolution of carbonates

Sinkholes in karst topography form due to __________

movement of water through the soil particles until reaches to the groundwater table

What is meant by the term "infiltration" in the water cycle

coastal

saltwater intrusion with degrading water quality is a common problem in _______ regions

unconfined aquifers are always sandstones

What is NOT true about unconfined aquifers

rate of rainfall

Unconfined aquifers are sensitive to ____________

water

unconfined aquifers store and transmit _______

ground surface

water table is below the ____________

sinkholes are common in granites

What is NOT true about sinkholes