Geology 103 final study questions

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1

4.6 billion

Earth is approximately _____ years old

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2

planetesimals

the particles that accreted to make early planets are called _________

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3

erosional or non-depositional contacts representing different depositional ages

what is the term 'unconformity' explained in geology

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4

ripple marks on biloxi beach

What's NOT considered evidence to support the continental drifting hypothesis

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5

nonconformity

a surface of erosion on metamorphic or igneous rocks, below sedimentary rocks is a

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6

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core, inner core

layers of the Earth based on physical properties

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7

superposition

According to the Principle of ________, in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom of the sequence

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8

too hot

what is the reason for no life on Early Earth

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9

divergent, convergent, transform

What are the three major plate boundaries

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10

rivers

What is NOT a component in rock cycle?

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11

not located at a plate boundary

The Hawaiian Volcanoes are __________

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12

thinner and denser

oceanic crust is __________ than the continental crust

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13

polymorphs

minerals with the same chemical composition but different forms are called _________

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14

Cambrian

The first time period in the Paleozoic Era, where most of the animals with hard body parts evolved would be ________

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15

magnetite

Give an example of an opaque mineral

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16

quartz

the mineral that shows conchoidal fractures would be ______

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17

principle of original horizontality

folding or tilting can be used to determine the relative ages of the rock layers. The principle related to these is called ________

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18

trace fossils

coprolites, foot prints, burrows.... these are _______

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19

slab push

what is NOT a force related to plate motion

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20

continental hotspot

Yellowstone national park lies atop a

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21

uniformitarianism

James Hutton was an important 18th-century English geologist and proponent of

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22

false

true or false: earth had oxygen from the beginning of its formation

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23

core

the rocks of the _____ are denser than the rocks of the mantle

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24

plant or animal material that has been preserved for long time periods in Earth's history

What is a fossil

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25

quartz

What is the most stable mineral on the earth's crust/

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26

C-C convergent margin

formation of the Himalayan mountains is an example of ________

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27

index fossils

a fossil represents a specific time period in the geological time scale are called ____________

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28

faults, intrusion/fault

________ and _________are considered as younger features in sequence of stratigraphy

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29

trench

_______ is defined as the surface expression of a subduction zone

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30

carbonization

________ is a type of fossil preservation

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31

intrusions

__________ is younger than existing rocks according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

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32

uplift

weathering and erosion remove materials from the lithosphere while deep-seated materials _______ balancing the gravity

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33

melting points

partial melts form due to the different _________ of minerals

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34

seismic

earth's layers were determined using ______ waves

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35

oceanic-continental, ocean-ocean, and divergent margins

What are all the possible tectonic settings to form volcanoes?

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36

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystalline structure, chemical composition

what are the five requirements for something to be a mineral?

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37

talc, topaz, quartz, and feldspar

list all silicate group minerals in the Moh's hardness scale

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38

disconformity; when there is a break between sedimentary rocks, typically from erosion or non-deposition

explain one type of unconformity(sketch with labels)

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39

the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle such that the crust "floats" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density

what is isostasy?

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40

It means the "key to the past". We now can have a better understanding of past processes when using modern techniques to look back in time

What is meant by the term 'uniformitarianism'?

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41

precipitation and evaporation

explain two mechanisms of forming minerals

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42

zircon

Example of a radiogenic mineral

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43

14C dating

What dating technique is NOT related to relative dating

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44

100 million years

if an isotope has a half-life of 50 million years and 25% of the sample remaining consists of unstable isotopes (parents), what is the age of the rock from which it was taken?

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45

half life is determined by parent/ daughter isotope ratios

What is true about half-life?

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46

fast cooling makes phaneritic texture

What is NOT true about igneous rocks

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47

lava

the molten rock at the Earth's surface is called __________

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48

felsic

which type of igneous rocks have the HIGHEST silica content?

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49

hydrolysis

what is NOT an example of mechanical weathering?

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50

weathering

Sediments produce by the process of _______

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51

water, air, and organic matter

Good soil consists of

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52

water

the most important component useful in chemical weathering is

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53

detrital sedimentary rocks are formed via precipitation

What is NOT true about sedimentary rocks

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54

diagenesis

chemical, physical, and biological changes happen to the sediments after the deposition in a sedimentary environment is termed as _______

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55

quartz

what is the main mineral in sandstone

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56

sea level rising

transgression means?

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57

ductile, brittle

folding is a _______ response to deformation while faulting is a ______ response to deformation

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58

lake

what is an example of a continental depositional environment

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59

coal is a mineral

What is NOT true about coal?

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60

climate, parent rock, surface area of rock

What could affect the rate of weathering?

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61

false

true or false: silicates weather faster than carbonates

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62

gravel, sand, silt, clay

The designation of sediment grain size, from largest to smallest, is

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63

beach

'symmetrical ripple marks' represent ________environment

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64

shale

What is NOT a chemical sedimentary rock?

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65

kaolinite

forms as a result of chemical weathering of Feldspar

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66

xenolith

______ is a foreign Earth material embedded in the igneous rock

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67

older

anticlines have ______ rocks at the center of the fold

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68

clastic

Coquina is a ______ sedimentary rock

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69

strike, dip

_______ is a horizontal measurement while _____ is a vertical measurement

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70

chemical

Chert, Limestone, and Evaporites are ________ sedimentary rocks

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71

normal

a _______ fualt is an example of a vertical fault type

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72

anthracite

_________ is metamorphosed coal

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73

transgression

fining upward sequence is marked by _________

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74

on the top

hanging wall of a fault is the one _______ of the fault plane

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75

weathering is the entire process of how sediments break down and includes erosion in the entire process

Define weathering

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76

movement of sediment from its source

define erosion

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77

forming minerals at different temperatures as magma cools

What is fractional crystallization?

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78

transgression- regression cycles relate to glacial-interglacial cycles in the way that they form and melt. Transgression happens when the sea level rises, therefore when glaciers melt the sea level rises. When glaciers form it causes regression because there is less water due to it being frozen

What is the potential relationship between Transgression-Regression cycles and glacial-interglacial cycles? explain well

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79

rock units represent a unique depositional environment and these facies can tell us what kind of environment. Examples would be sandstone, shale, and limestone in regression

What is facies and explain how it is useful in geology

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80

temperature, rock type, confining pressure, climate

what are the factors affecting rate of weathering

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81

Residual soils forms nest to parent rock and is not transported

What is meant by 'residual soil'?

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82

marble

What is an example of a metamorphic rock?

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83

rough parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicular to the direction of the pressure

What is foliation?

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84

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

list the rocks in increasing metamorphic grade from lowest to highest

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85

the zone where you would find the minerals that are representing the metamorphic grade

What is meant by the term "metamorphic zone"?

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86

burial

the metamorphism that is associated with sediment deposition in a basinal environment is called ________ metamorphism (the lowest grade metamorphism)

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87

intrusive igneous bodies

dike, sills laccoliths, batholiths are ________

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88

composite cone

The most explosive type of volcano would be _________

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89

shield volcano

the volcano type with caldera would be _________

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90

cinder cone

Which kind of volcano occurs in clusters

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91

slate

which of the following geological formations would have the highest porosity? (granite, slate, claystone, peridotite)

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92

sandstone

which of the following geological formations would have the highest permeability? (sandstone, granite, slate, claystone)

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93

dissolution of carbonates

Sinkholes in karst topography form due to __________

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94

movement of water through the soil particles until reaches to the groundwater table

What is meant by the term "infiltration" in the water cycle

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95

coastal

saltwater intrusion with degrading water quality is a common problem in _______ regions

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96

unconfined aquifers are always sandstones

What is NOT true about unconfined aquifers

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97

rate of rainfall

Unconfined aquifers are sensitive to ____________

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98

water

unconfined aquifers store and transmit _______

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99

ground surface

water table is below the ____________

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100

sinkholes are common in granites

What is NOT true about sinkholes

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