Major Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

Major Types pf Cells

Prokaryote

Bacterium

Eukaryote

1. Plant Cell

2. Animal Cell

Prokaryotes

"pro"- before + "karyon"-kernel or nut.

Prokaryotes

simple, unicellular

organisms that do not have a nuclous and membrane-bound organells

Necleoid region

Where do prokaryotes dna is found?

Bacteria

Found everywhere (soil, humans, etc.)

Archaea

Found in extreme environments (hot springs, salt lakes, etc.)

Eukaryotes

"eu"- good, well or true +

"karyon"- kernel or nut. organisms whose cell has a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.

other organelles are also bound by membranes.

1. Red blood cell

2. White blood cell

3. Sperm cell

4. Egg cell

5. Nerve cell

6. Muscle cell

Specialized Cells in Animals

Red blood cell

Carry Oxygen throughout the body

Red blood cell

No nucleus Binocave shape • Contains hemoglobin

White blood cell

Plays an cell

important role in the immune system

White blood cell

Irregular shape Can reproduce antibodies and antitoxins

1. Guard Cell

2. Root Hair Cell

3. Photosynthetic Cell

4. Xylem Vessel

Specialized Cells in Plants

Cell Modifications

Adaptations or changes acquired by the cell after cell division that aids the cell in various beneficial ways.

1. Cilia

2. Flagella

3. Villi of microvilli

4. Pseudopods

Cell Modifications

Cilia

Hair like organelles extending from the cell surface

1. Non-motile

2. Motile

Types of Cilia

Non-Motile

primary cilia (sensory)

Motile

Movement

Flagella

• Long, whip-like, tail-like structures made of protein filaments.

• Aids in movement

Villi or Microvilli

• Small, slender, vascular, finger-like projections

• Increases surface area to increase absorption

Pseudopods

• False feet

• Temporary extension of the cytoplasm

• Movement and

ingestion

(phagocytosis)

Organelles

"little organs"

> Specialized structures found within the cell which performs specific functions vital to cellular life.

1. Cell Membrane

2. Cell Wall

3. Nucleus

4. Nucleolus

5. Ribosomes

6. Mitochondria

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum

8. Rough ER

9. Smooth ER

10. Golgi Body

11. Lysosome

12. Chloroplast

13. Vacuole

14. Cytoskeleton

Cell Organelles

Cell Membrane

STRUCTURE:

A thin double layer of protein and fat.

Cell Membrane

FUNCTION:

• Separates the inner contents of the cell with its environment.

• Regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

STRUCTURE:

• A rigid membrane surrounding plant cells made up mostly of cellulose.

Cell Wall

FUNCTION:

Gives the cell protection, support and structure.

Nucleus

STRUCTURE:

A membrane-bound spherical body discovered by Robert Brown in 1831.

Nucleus

FUNCTION:

• Stores the cell's DNA

• Controls and regulates cell's activities

• Controls the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

Nucleolus

STRUCTURE:

• A spherical body found inside the nucleus.

Nucleolus

FUNCTION:

• Produces and assembles ribosomes.

Ribosomes

STRUCTURE:

•Alarge complex of protein and

RNA

Ribosomes

FUNCTION:

•Site of protein synthesis.

Mitochondria

STRUCTURE:

• A double-membraned rod-shaped organelle.

Has its own DNA.

Mitochondria

FUNCTION:

• Produces chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of ATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

Endoplasmic Reticulum

STRUCTURE:

• A series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

TWO TYPES:

• Rough ER

• Smooth ER

Rough ER

STRUCTURE:

• With ribosomes attached to its surface.

Rough ER

FUNCTION:

• Modifies proteins synthesized by ribosomes.

• Makes phospholipids for cellular membranes.

Smooth ER

STRUCTURE:

• No attached ribosomes.

Smooth ER

FUNCTION:

• Production of carbohydrates, lipids and steroids

• Detoxification of drugs and
  toxins.

Storage of calcium ions.

Golgi Body

STRUCTURE:

• A series of flattened, sac-like membranes that resembles a stack of pancakes.

Golgi Body

STRUCTURE:

• A series of flattened, sac-like membranes that resembles a stack of pancakes.

FUNCTION:

Sort, tag, package and distribute lipids and proteins.

Lysosome

STRUCTURE:

• Spherical bodies containing digestive enzymes.

Lysosome

FUNCTION:

• Digests cellular nutrients

• Breaks down worn-out or damaged organelles.
  Aids in apoptosis (cell death)

Chloroplast

STRUCTURE:

• Along disc-shaped organelle containing the pigment chlorophyll.

Chloroplast

FUNCTION:

• Site of photosynthesis.

Vacuole

STRUCTURE:

• Alarge space within the cell that is enclosed in a membrane and filled with fluid.

Vacuole

FUNCTION:

Maintains water balance.

•

Maintains cell shape.

• Stores nutrients and waste products.

Cytoskeleton

STRUCTURE:

• A network of protein filaments or fibers.

Types: microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

Cytoskeleton

FUNCTION:

• Provides shape and structure.

• Movement

• Involved spindle formation during cell division.

microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

Types of Cytoskeletons

Sperm Cell

Fertilize an egg make a baby

Sperm Cell

• Long tail to swim egg cell to

• Numerous mitochondria

Egg Cell

• Large and bulky genetic

• A chemical change in the membrane prevents

fertilization of more than 1 sperm.

Nerve Cell

Carry nerve impulses through the body.

Nerve Cell

• Long, thin axon

• Branching dendrites

• myelinated

Muscle Cell

Facilitates movement

Muscle Cell

• Elongated and elastic

• Numerous mitochondria

Guard Cell

Regulates role of transpiration

Guard Cell

• Cell wall has varying thickness

Root Hair Cell

Absorbs water and minerals from the soil

Root Hair Cell

• Long and thin with large. surface area.

Photosynthetic Cell

Produces food through the process of

photosynthesis

Photosynthetic Cell

• Contains numerous chloroplasts

Xylem Vessel

Transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

Xylem Vessel

Contains numerous chloroplasts.