⭐ UNIT 3 — Early Childhood

Emotion Regulation

Ability to control and manage emotional responses.

Motivation

Drive to act or learn.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something for internal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for external rewards or pressures.

Problems With Emotions

Difficulties managing emotional expression.

Internalizing Problems

Turning distress inward (anxiety, sadness).

Externalizing Problems

Expressing distress outward (aggression, impulsivity).

Play

Child-driven activity supporting learning and development.

Types of Play

Solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative.

Benefits of Play

Social skills, motor development, problem-solving, creativity.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative, Neglectful.

Future Impact of Parenting Styles

Influences self-esteem, behavior, social competence.

Gender Roles

Cultural expectations for behaviors of males and females.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm.

Types of Aggression

Instrumental, Reactive, Relational, Bullying.

Discipline

Techniques to teach appropriate behavior.

Types of Discipline

Time-out, induction, corporal punishment, positive reinforcement.

Future Impact of Discipline

Shapes self-control, emotional health, moral development.

Metacognition

Thinking about your own thinking.

Intelligence

Cognitive ability to learn, reason, and solve problems.

IQ

Numerical score of cognitive ability.

IQ Testing

Standardized assessment of cognitive skills.

Purpose of IQ Testing

Identify strengths/weaknesses, diagnose learning needs.

Ethical Issues in IQ Testing

Cultural bias, fairness, misuse of scores.

Developmental Disabilities

Chronic conditions that impair developmental functioning.

Family Process

Emotional and relational functioning of family members.

Family Structure

Who is in the family and how they are related.

Five Necessary Things for Child Development

Physical necessities, learning, self-respect, peer relationships, harmony/stability.