Living Environment 2025 midterm

notes, review sheets, etc

unicellular organism

has one cell

multicellular organism

has many cells

autotrophs

make their own food

heterotrophs

get nutrients from their environment

a stimulus is a

signal

respiration

to make energy

aerobic organisms

need oxygen

anaerobic organisms

don’t need oxygen

metabolism

all chemical activities that take place in an organism

positive feedback

an increase in the change or output - *think positive = higher

negative feedback

a decrease in the change or output - *think negative = lower, minus

what are the 3 types of cell

plant, animal, bacteria

only plant cells have:

chloroplasts (photosynthesis), cell walls (shape/structure), large vacuoles (water storage).

cell membrane is made of

phospholipids (lipids)

passive transport

high → low *NO ATP*

active transport

low → high, *requires ATP*

isotonic solution

equilibrium, same amount of water on inside and outside

hypotonic solution

water diffuses INSIDE — “hypO - OH no its gonna explode

Hypertonic solution

water diffuses OUT

2 types of active transport

exocytosis, endocytosis

exocytosis

active transport, exit the cell (ex = exit)

endocytosis

active transport, enter the cell ( en = enter)

energy is formed in

chemical bonds

organic compounds contain

carbon and hydrogen together

carbohydrates are what kind of molecules

energy

building blocks of carbs

sugars (monosaccharides)

names for sugars end in

-ose

names for enzymes end in

-ase

dehydration synthesis

formation of a large molecule with the release of water molecules

hydrolysis

breaking of a chemical bond in the presence of water

a monosaccharide is

one sugar

a polysaccharide is

many sugars

energy storage in plants

starch

energy storage in animals

glycogen (carb)

carbohydrate in structure in plants (cell wall)

cellulose

lipids are

fats and oils

lipids are what kind of energy

stored / concentrated

fats, oils, waxes, and hormones are all

lipids

lipids are used for (4)

• energy storage

• cell membrane

• cushions organs

• insulates the body (like whale blubber)

structure of a lipid resembles what letter

E

lipids are made of

3 fatty acids 1 glycerol

carbs contain the elements:

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

proteins contain the elements:

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what are the 4 macromolecules

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

Lipids contain what elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Nucleic Acids contain the elements:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

building blocks of proteins

amino acids

amino acid structure (this is just an image)

what determines protein shape

order of amino acids

what determines protein function

protein shape

many amino acids =

polypeptide (protein)

enzymes are classified as

proteins

what is an active site?

the surface of an enzyme where the substrate fits

a substrate is

the substance an enzyme acts upon

the following effect how an enzyme works (2)

temperature, PH

denaturation

enzyme changes shape

2 kinds of Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA

nucleotides are made of

a phosphate group, a sugar, and one nitrogenous base (home sweet home)

4 DNA bases

Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

4 RNA bases

Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine

DNA structure

double helix

Gene:

segment of DNA that contains instructions for an organisms traits - found on chromosomes

Allele

specific version or variant of a gene

genome

complete set of genetic material

genotype

combination of alleles for a given gene

phentotype

physically expressed trait (blue eyes)

genes are located

on chromosomes

chromosomes are located

in the nucleus

Homozygous dominant

2 dominant alleles (GG)

Homozygous recessive

2 recessive alleles (gg)

Heterozygous

one dominant and one recessive allele (Gg)

incomplete dominance

2 alleles blend (1 red 1 white phenotype is pink)

codominance

both alleles are shown (red and white petals)

Recessive blood type

o

Protein synthesis process

replication (DNA → DNA) , transcription (DNA →RNA), translation (RNA → amino acids)

rRNA

makes up ribosomes