Phonetics Symbols

/ð/

voiced th; the, brother

/ʒ/

voiced; pleasure, measure

/dʒ/

voiced; Judge Jam George

/ŋ/

voiced; ing sing ring

/θ/

voiceless th; thin author both

/ʃ/

voiceless; ship shark wash

/tʃ/

voiceless; chin teacher peach

 /ʍ/

voiceless; when what

/i/

eat beet - long e

/Ɪ/

it bit - short vowel i

/ɛ/

bet edge - same as short vowel e

/æ/

act mat - same as short vowel a

/u/

ooze, lose - same as long vowel u

/ʊ/

book, took

/ɔ/

ought, caught

/ɑ/

far, father, part - same as short vowel o

/ɚ/

sugAR - makes the same sound as ɝ-, but only used on unstressed syllables

/ɝ/

cIRcus, wORd - makes the same sound as ɚ, but used on the stressed syllables

/ə/

UH sound; away, cinEmA

/ʌ/

cup, cut, luck

/ɔi/

oil, coil, foil

/aʊ/

about, how

/aɪ/

bite, nice, ice - same as long vowel i

/e/

AY; rotate - same sound as eɪ, but it is used on unstressed syllables

/eɪ/

rotation, cake, day - same sound as e, but is used for stressed syllable, single syllable and word endings.

 /o/

opinion - makes the same sound as oʊ, but is used for unstressed syllables

/oʊ/

go, home - makes the same sound as o, but is for stressed syllable, single syllable or word ending positions

Accent

• a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.

acoustic phonetics

the scientific study of sound, covering its production, control, transmission, reception, and effects

allophonic variation

• the slight difference in the pronunciation of a single sound (a phoneme) based on its position in a word or surrounding sounds, without changing the word's meaning (eg. pop greater release of air in the first p then the second p, but they are both recognized as the p sound, so they are allophones)

Articulation

• anatomy of the speech mechanisms and the manner for which the airflow is modified 

articulatory phonetics

• the study of how speech sounds are physically produced by the human vocal tract, focusing on the movements of the mouth, tongue, lips, and other organs to create sounds

broad transcription

• transcription without the small markings (ex. [d])

correct standard

• although dialects may be different they still need to fall under the “correct standard”

Features

 parts of sounds that influence each other and distinguish them from one another

International Phonetic Alphabet

• unique symbols assigned to each of the sounds identified by the association

narrow transcription

•  transcriptions using the diacritic markings (ex. [ņ])

Orthography

• written language that is used for writing and reading that represents various combinations of alphabet letters that are sequenced into words

perceptual phonetics

• the study of how humans perceive and process speech sounds, focusing on the relationship between the physical properties of a sound signal and the listener's brain interpretation of that sound

Phonetics

the study and classification of speech sounds

Phonics

Phonics is an educational method for teaching reading by linking sounds to letters and groups of letters

Phonology

• analysis of the sound system as it relates to grammar forms (like what the meaning is to certain word parts)

Spectrograms

• acoustical properties (sound waves) of the sounds

unvoiced consonants

• does not require the vibration of the vocal folds and you cannot feel your voice box on (ex. p, b, f)

voiced consonants

 it requires your voice box and vibration from your vocal folds (eg. m, n, a)