Unit 9 Developmental Psychology

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84 Terms

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Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, and SOCIAL change throughout the life span

<p>a branch of psychology that studies PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, and SOCIAL change throughout the life span</p>
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Zygote

1st stage in prenatal development: a fertilized egg, first 2 weeks of prenatal development

<p>1st stage in prenatal development: a fertilized egg, first 2 weeks of prenatal development</p>
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Fetus

3rd stage in prenatal development: human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

<p>3rd stage in prenatal development: human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth</p>
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Embryo

2nd stage in prenatal development: from 2 to 8 weeks

<p>2nd stage in prenatal development: from 2 to 8 weeks</p>
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teratogens

agents (i.e. chemicals and viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

<p>agents (i.e. chemicals and viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm</p>
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Attachment

The strong social-emotional bond a baby forms with his or her primary caregiver.

<p>The strong social-emotional bond a baby forms with his or her primary caregiver.</p>
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Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

<p>biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience</p>
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Assimilation

the process of taking in new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

<p>the process of taking in new ideas into an existing cognitive structure</p>
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Accommodation

Changing our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's 1st stage of COGNITIVE development (from birth - 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their SENSORY impressions and MOTOR activities

<p>Piaget's 1st stage of COGNITIVE development (from birth - 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their SENSORY impressions and MOTOR activities</p>
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Object Permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view (infants lack this understanding)

<p>the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view (infants lack this understanding)</p>
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Preoperational Stage

Piaget's 2nd stage of COGNITIVE development (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

<p>Piaget's 2nd stage of COGNITIVE development (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic</p>
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Egocentrism

Piaget's theory that the preoperational child has difficulty taking another's point of view

<p>Piaget's theory that the preoperational child has difficulty taking another's point of view</p>
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Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's 3rd stage of COGNITIVE development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

<p>Piaget's 3rd stage of COGNITIVE development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events</p>
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Conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (preoperational children lack this understanding)

<p>the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (preoperational children lack this understanding)</p>
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Theory of Mind

The understanding that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own

<p>The understanding that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own</p>
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Puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

<p>the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing</p>
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Primary Sex Characteristics

the body parts (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Body parts associated with gender but are NOT directly involved in reproduction.

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Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's 4th stage of COGNITIVE development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

<p>Piaget's 4th stage of COGNITIVE development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts</p>
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Mary Ainsworth

studied how different ATTACHMENT styles affected kids with Strange Situation Study

<p>studied how different ATTACHMENT styles affected kids with Strange Situation Study</p>
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Erik Erikson

Developed 8 psychoSOCIAL stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span through interaction with others. Each stage is marked by a crisis that requires resolution

<p>Developed 8 psychoSOCIAL stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span through interaction with others. Each stage is marked by a crisis that requires resolution</p>
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Carol Gilligan

Studied girls and women, a follow-up to Kohlberg's moral development work, and found that they scored differently on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.

<p>Studied girls and women, a follow-up to Kohlberg's moral development work, and found that they scored differently on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.</p>
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Harry Harlow

Experimented with baby monkeys and presented them with cloth OR wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact & comfort (1 factor of attachment)

<p>Experimented with baby monkeys and presented them with cloth OR wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact &amp; comfort (1 factor of attachment)</p>
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Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development Theory

<p>Moral Development Theory</p>
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Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting;

<p>researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting;</p>
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Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

<p>Known for his theory of cognitive development in children</p>
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Lev Vygotsky

most famous for social-COGNITIVE development theory, zone of proximal development

<p>most famous for social-COGNITIVE development theory, zone of proximal development</p>
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Fetal alcohol syndrome

a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant

<p>a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant</p>
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Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

<p>decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.</p>
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Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

<p>all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating</p>
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Schema

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

<p>a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world</p>
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

<p>a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors</p>
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Stranger Anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

<p>the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age</p>
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Critical Period

a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

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Basic Trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with RESPONSIVE caregivers

<p>according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with RESPONSIVE caregivers</p>
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Self Concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

<p>a sense of one's identity and personal worth</p>
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Gender Typing

The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

<p>The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.</p>
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Gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

<p>the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female</p>
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X chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

<p>The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.</p>
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Y Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males

<p>the sex chromosome found only in males</p>
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Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman

<p>the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman</p>
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intimacy

the ability to form close, loving relationships

<p>the ability to form close, loving relationships</p>
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emerging adulthood

A period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

<p>A period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood</p>
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menopause

the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends

<p>the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends</p>
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cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

<p>a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another</p>
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longitudal study

research in which the same people are studied and retested over a long period

<p>research in which the same people are studied and retested over a long period</p>
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social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

<p>the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement</p>
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Alzheimer's disease (AD)

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

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gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

<p>a set of expected behaviors for males or for females</p>
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imprinting

the process by which certain animals, mainly birds, form strong attachments during an early-life critical period. Studied by Konrad Lorenz.

<p>the process by which certain animals, mainly birds, form strong attachments during an early-life critical period. Studied by Konrad Lorenz.</p>
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temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

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gender identity

our sense of being male or female

<p>our sense of being male or female</p>
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transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

<p>an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex</p>
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adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

<p>the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence</p>
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social identity

the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category

<p>the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category</p>
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sexual orientation

a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person

<p>a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person</p>
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zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction

<p>In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction</p>
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Piaget's stages of COGNITIVE development

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

<p>1. sensorimotor<br>2. preoperational<br>3. concrete operational<br>4. formal operational</p>
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Kohlberg's stages of moral development

1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional

<p>1. preconventional<br>2. conventional<br>3. postconventional</p>
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Erikson's stages of psychoSOCIAL development

1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair

<p>1. trust vs. mistrust<br>2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt<br>3. initiative vs. guilt<br>4. industry vs. inferiority<br>5. identity vs. role confusion<br>6. intimacy vs. isolation<br>7. generativity vs. stagnation<br>8. integrity vs. despair</p>
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Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Infancy (to 1 year)
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

<p>Infancy (to 1 year)<br>If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.</p>
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

<p>Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt</p>
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Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

<p>Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities</p>
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Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

6-11 years - Children busily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well.

<p>6-11 years - Children busily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well.</p>
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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

13-19 yr, *most crucial* teens struggle with identity crisis, if healthy experimentation is fostered they attain identity achievement; if not, they face insecurity and low self-worth

<p>13-19 yr, *<b>most crucial</b>* teens struggle with identity crisis, if healthy experimentation is fostered they attain identity achievement; if not, they face insecurity and low self-worth</p>
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

Adulthood: Young adults seek companionship/love or become isolated from others fearing rejection or disappointment

<p>Adulthood: Young adults seek companionship/love or become isolated from others fearing rejection or disappointment</p>
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Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)

middle-aged adults feel they are helping the next generation through their work and child rearing, or they stagnate because they feel that they are not helping

<p>middle-aged adults feel they are helping the next generation through their work and child rearing, or they stagnate because they feel that they are not helping</p>
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Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Adulthood: Older Adults try to make sense out of their lives, they either see their lives as a meaningful whole or despair at unreached goals

<p>Adulthood: Older Adults try to make sense out of their lives, they either see their lives as a meaningful whole or despair at unreached goals</p>
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preconventional morality

1st level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development:
self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

<p>1st level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development:<br>self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards</p>
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conventional morality

2nd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

<p>2nd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order</p>
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postconventional morality

3rd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

<p>3rd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles</p>
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Diane Baumrind

theorist associated with parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful

<p>theorist associated with parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful</p>
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authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

<p>style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child</p>
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authorative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

<p>A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.</p>
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permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

<p>A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.</p>
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neglecting parenting

indifferent and uninvolved with child

<p>indifferent and uninvolved with child</p>
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Homosexuality

sexual attraction to someone of the same sex, related to genetics

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dementia

a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Alzheimer's is one form of this.

<p>a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Alzheimer's is one form of this.</p>
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secure attachment

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

<p>Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened</p>
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insecure attachment

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

<p>Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation</p>
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"use it or lose it" principle

The idea that practice strengthens neural connections, while infrequent use of certain skills may cause synaptic connections to weaken or degenerate. Pruning

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infantile amnesia (childhood amnesia)

inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so

<p>inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so</p>