Ancient Civilizations Review: Sparta, New Kingdom Egypt, Pompeii & Akhenaten (Flashcards)

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40 practice flashcards covering key aspects of Sparta (and related notes), designed to help review major concepts, terms, and events from the lecture.

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40 Terms

1
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What time frame does the Sparta section cover?

700-371 BCE

2
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Where is Sparta located?

Lakonia Plain in Southern Greece

3
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What are alternative names for Spartans?

Laikonians, Dorians, Peloponnesians, Lakedaemonians

4
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What major organizational development did Spartans create?

The military chain of command

5
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Which military aspect were Spartans weak in?

Cavalry

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How did Spartan society view gender roles?

Women and men were mostly equal

7
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Which geographical features protected Sparta?

Mt Taygetus (west) and Mt Parnon (east)

8
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Name two natural resources of Sparta.

Marble and Iron

9
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Who is credited with Lycurgus reforms?

Lycurgus

10
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What is the Great Rhetra?

A set of laws and reforms in Sparta, conveyed orally

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When did the Messenian Wars occur?

730-620 BCE

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Name the three Spartan social classes.

Helots, Perioikoi, Spartiates

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Who were Helots?

Slaves for Spartiates; primarily agricultural workers

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Who were the Perioikoi?

Free inhabitants; ran their own communities; some military service; no policy power

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Who were the Spartiates?

Elite Spartan citizens; full citizenship; trained as soldiers

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What was the Krypteia?

Secret police that killed Helots in the countryside

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What is the Agoge?

Spartan military training system starting at age 7

18
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What happened to newborns deemed unhealthy?

Dumped at the bottom of Mt Taygetus

19
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What is a Morai?

A group of soldiers within a Spartan unit; divisions of 8

20
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Who were the Hippeis?

300 horsemen protecting the king; chosen annually

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What are Hoplites?

Infantry soldiers who fought in the phalanx

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What is a Hoplon?

Round wooden shield about 1 meter wide and around 7 kg

23
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Name features of Hoplite armor.

Bronze helmet with crest; bronze breastplate; greaves; tunic

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What is the Phalanx?

Tight square formation of troops with overlapping shields

25
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Where is the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia and what ritual took place?

Western bank of the Eurotas; Diamastigosis and girls' procession

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Which god did Spartans consult before major decisions?

The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

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What is Carneia?

Festival dedicated to Apollo Carneus lasting about 9 days

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What is Hyacinthia?

3-day festival honoring Apollo and Hyacinthus with mourning then celebrations

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What is Gymnopaedia?

Festival with choral performances and athletic competitions in honor of Apollo and Artemis

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What is the significance of the Vix Krater?

A giant bronze mixing vessel showing extensive art trade; 1.64 m tall; 208 kg

31
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Why did Spartan art production decline by the end of the 6th century BCE?

Lack of coinage, growing Helot/Perioikoi populations, and shift to militarism

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Name some Spartan writers.

Tyrtaeus, Alcman, Herodotus, Thucydides

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What downtime activities did Spartans enjoy?

Horse racing, athletics, chariot racing, feasting, hunting

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What was a notable marriage practice among Spartans?

Marriage by capture; mothers could influence choices

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What currency reform did Lycurgus implement?

Abolished gold and silver; replaced with iron pelanors

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What was the Spartan economy based on?

Self-sufficiency; land distribution; Helots farming Kleroi

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What is a Kleros?

A land plot allocated to a Spartiate, farmed by Helots

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What were Syssitia?

Communal meals for Spartiate soldiers

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What was the Gerousia?

Council of Elders; 28 members plus 2 kings; over 60; prepared topics and peace/war decisions

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What was the Ephorate?

Five annually elected officials who supervised the kings and managed civil and criminal cases