Surgery EoY Everything

How has war lead to the development of surgery in the Renaissance

Amrboise Pare--> battlefield surgeon

His patients were in a lot of pain, believed there were better ways to handle injuries than cauterization

Ran out of oil--> Ointment Egg yolk rose oil turpentine, helped wounds heal, was later proved to have anti-bacterial properties

Ligatures to prevent bloodloss--> surgery had to be fast so that you wouldn't die from bloodloss, with this invention surgeons could take more time, perform more complex operations

How has war lead to the development of surgery in the 19th century

Hugh Owen Thomas

Broken legs were a common injury in war and could often lead to death

Thomas developed a splint to immobilize joints in 1875 greatly improving recovery-- so when the patient needed surgery there wouldn't be great infected with lots of internal bleeding

1916 introduced

In 1914 80% died with a broken leg

Then 80% survived

Remains essential in the modern day, leading up to surgery making it more efficient and less risky

How has war lead to the development of surgery in the 20th Century

Harold Gillies

In 1917 asked his army chief to open a hospital specialized in facial reconstructions

Queens hospital opened, first hospital specialized on this

Invented the tubed pedicle, many injuries from artillery could leave large injuries on the face, took skin from the forehead or chest and put it on the affected area

Did over 11,000 operations

Laid the ground works for plastic surgery in the modern day

How has certain individuals lead to the development of surgery in the Renaissance

Vesalius

Challenged Galen's old ideas, and corrected over 200 mistakes, like humans had 2 jaw bones, unlike other people at the time who were fully believing in the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates

Performed human dissections--> Fabric of the Human Body 1543 which contained accurate anatomical drawings

Pare had it translated into French and copied his drawings in Anatomy Universal proving it affected surgeons at his time

Accurate anatomical drawings were needed to lay the groundwork for complex surgery so it could be more efficient, and surgeons wouldn't have to go poking around the body to find the affected area

How has certain individuals lead to the development of surgery in the 19th century

Joseph Lister

Patients often died from sepsis

Upon reading Pasteur Germ theory he realized that microbes in the air caused woulds to rot.

in 1865 he used carbolic acid to sterilize wounds and equipment

Death rates from infection in his wards dropped from 45% to 15%

Published his findings in 1867

By the 20th century surgeons started using aseptic surgery through gloves and sterilised operating theaters.

He was different as he linked germ theory to surgery resulting in less casualties

How has science and technology lead to the development in surgery in 17th century

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Made microscopes in the late 1600s

Studied water drops, peppercorn, and food

Saw moving organisms and named them animalcules

This laid the groundwork for Pasteur's germ theory which directly allowed lLister to target microbes in surgery through carbolic acid, and lead to the invention of antiseptic surgery which would go on to save millions of lives

How has Science and Tech lead to developments in surgery in the 19th century

Wilhelm Rontgen

Accidentally discovered certain radiation waves that could pass through flesh but not bone

Before surgeons had to cut open patients to find bullets which could cause infection and bleeding]

X-Rays allowed surgeons to see what needed to be operated on before surgery

As the surgeon knew exactly where to cut it reduced time in surgery and reduced possible infections due to more precise incisions

How has communication lead to developments in surgery in the Renaissance

Pare printing press

Upon writing Works on surgery in 1575 in french other barber surgeons could gain knowledge they previously lacked due to its mass production

His ideas spread to William Clowes in England

He adopted Pare's methods instead of cauterisation which wouldn't have been possible without the mass production of his findings.

Affected surgery as ligatures were very helpful in preventing blood loss which was a mjor problem in surgery during the Renaissance

How has communication lead to developments in surgery in the 19th century

Joseph Lister Medical journal

Upon reading Pasteurs Germ theory he realised germs caused disease

Lister spread his findings using the medical press 1867 to communicate the use of carbolic acid to kill germs which in his experienced reduced infection rates from surgery by 30%

How has the government lead to developments in Surgery in the 19th Century

the medical act 1858

The Gov passed this act as before surgery was unregulated and anyone could claim to be a surgeon

THis act forced ALL DOCTORS and SURGEONS to register with the general medical council and pass oficil exams to practice surgery

This wiped out fake surgeons

And turned surgery from an unregulated trade to a professional science

How has the Government lead to developments in Surger in the 20th Century

NHS 1948

the Gov established the NHS fully funded hospitals and medical research throughout the country

Before advanced surgery ws a luxury that only the rick could afford

Surgery because 100% free

the Gov poured money into research and high tech labs that breakthroughs came from

Lead to the first Hip replacement in 1962

How has Chance lead to the developments in Surgery in the 19th Century

Wilhelm Rontgen

Upon experimenting with rays in a dark room he noticed that the cardboard across the room started glowing

Realized that an invisible ray was passing through solids

This helped surgery as it gave surgeons a direct location of the injury and told them exactly what the injury was , decreasing the overall time the wound was open preventing possible infections

How has Chance lead to the developments in Surgery in the 20th Century

Fleming Penicilin

Chance that he left a petri dish uncovered for weeks and the bacteria around the mold was wiped out discouraging accidentally Penicillin

This was important for surgery as infection post of was deadly. With it surgeons could cure internal blood infections and sepsis making more complex surgery safe