A & P 2

Endocrine glands

are ductless glands.

are the organs of the endocrine system.

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

help maintain homeostasis.

All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct.

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be

both hormonal and humoral.

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a

glycoprotein.

Protein hormones are

water-soluble.

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

paracrine

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

Protien

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

temporary; large

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone

the more frequently it must be replaced

The half-life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is

the first messenger.

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

protein kinase

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates

phospholipase C

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more receptors for sex hormones.

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

The part of the brain that functions as a “master control center” of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus.

The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________.

inferior, infundibulum

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
a: Primary plexus
b: Secondary plexus
c: Hypophyseal portal veins

a - c - b

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary.

somatotropic

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly.

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland

You are “shadowing” an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient’s obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient’s problem?

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color.

posterior, yellow

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?

It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

Insulin

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

posterior, spleen

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase, increase

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

How does aging affect the endocrine system?

Secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases.

Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease.

Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions.

Endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss.

All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following is false?

Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

Blood calcium levels will drop.

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of

down-regulation

Growth hormone

stimulates gluconeogenesis.

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

dark red

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood

5 liters

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes.

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a “formed element” rather than a “cell” is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis?
a: Proerythroblast
b: Normoblast
c: Myeloid stem cell
d: Reticulocyte
e: Erythroblast
f: Mature erythrocyte

c, a, e, b, d, f

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)
a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin.
b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver.
c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed.
d: The iron ions are stored in the liver.
e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow.
f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused.
g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

a, c, d, f

Which are characteristics of type O blood?
a: Has anti-A antibodies
b: Has anti-B antibodies
c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes
d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

Which are characteristic of leukocytes?
a: Smaller than erythrocytes
b: Have a nucleus
c: Have no hemoglobin
d: More numerous than erythrocytes
e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

Neutrophils

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

Multi-CSF.

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelet repellant

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

The intrinsic pathway

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______

destruction, plasmin

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

decreased in number and less efficient

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

tissue spaces between cells

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

Lymphatic capillaries

lack a basement membrane

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the bloodstream?

Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _________ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated

secondary

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Thymus gland

B-lymphocytes are

white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow

The thymus contains lymphatic cells as well as secretory _________ tissue.

epithelial

Lymphatic organs

contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

small intestine

Another name for a lymphatic follicle is a

lymphatic nodule.

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled.

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

Cervical lymph nodes

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells

Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains

one efferent lymphatic vessel.

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located

Left upper quadrant

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

concave anteromedial border.

Malaria is a disease caused by a

protozoan