Biology DAT

Biology

Which cellular layers are present in diploblasts?

Endoderm and ectoderm

What is developed in the ectoderm germ layer?

nervous system, and external structures

What is developed in the Mesoderm?

Layer acts as the vascular core of the body

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of which part of the body?

Brain

What does the Axial skeleton contain?

Skull, ribcage, vertebral column

Which component of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Phosphate group

Which of the following components of a phospholipid gives them their partial hydrophobic nature?

Two fatty acid tails

Which type of protein traverses the entire phospholipid bilayer?

Transmembrane

Which of the following is an example of integral proteins?

Transport proteins and Globular proteins

What type of membrane protein are receptor proteins?

They can be either integral or peripheral membrane proteins

What type of ligand binds to a receptor protein and activates its response?

Agonist

What is the name used to describe the organization of cell membranes?

Fluid mosaic model

What are the three main factors that affect cell membrane fluidity?

Temp, cholesterol, fatty acid saturation

What maintains the distance between phospholipids in a cold environment?

Cholesterol

Which type of transport is characterized by the use of channel proteins to transport molecules across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient?

Facilitated diffusion

What are the two main types of integral proteins involved with facilitated transport?

Carrier proteins and channel proteins

What integral protein faces both the intra- and extracellular environments of the cell at the same time?

Channel proteins

Which of the following is true regarding passive diffusion?

Molecules diffuse from high to low concentrations. Does not require energy

Which of the following structures regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

Define of nuclear lamina

A dense fibrous network of proteins that provides support to the nucleus. Regulates DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division

Which of the following supplies primary active transport with the energy needed to pump molecules against their concentration gradient?

ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following releases material to the extracellular environment through vesicle secretion?

Exocytosis

Which of the following processes involves a cell engulfing a solid, undissolved object?

Phagocytosis

What is the name of the aqueous intracellular fluid of a cell?

Cytosol

Where is rRNA produced?

Nucleolus

What are the components of a ribosomal subunit?

rRNA and proteins

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Nucleus

Where do the large and small ribosomal subunits assemble into a complete ribosome?

Cytosol

Which two subunits comprise the 80S eukaryotic ribosome?

Check Answer

60S and 40S

Which two subunits comprise the 70S prokaryotic ribosome?

30S and 50S

Where are ribosomes that are NOT attached to the rough ER found?

Cytosol

What structure is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which process involves the modification of proteins with carbohydrates?

Glycosylation

The smooth ER synthesizes all of the following EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

Lipids

Steroid hormones

Fatty acids

Proteins

Proteins

Where do vesicles enter and exit the Golgi apparatus, respectively?

Enter in Cis face , Exits trans face

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down substances using acidic hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosomes

What does the endomembrane system include?

Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles

What is a byproduct of peroxisome function and what can it cause?

Hydrogen peroxide; ROS

Which enzyme do peroxisomes contain to break down excess hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase

Which of the following cells contain chloroplasts?

Protist like Algae, Eukaryotic cells like Plant cells

What are centrosomes composed of?

Centrioles

Which of the following cytoskeletal components have the smallest diameter?

Microfilaments

Keratin is an example of which of the following cytoskeletal components?

Intermediate filaments

What is the most common fibrous structural protein in the ECM?

Collagen

What organelles participate in metabolic oxidations involving H₂O₂?

A.

Mitochondria

B.

Centrioles

C.

Peroxisomes

D.

Nuclei

E.

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Which of the following is true of eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Eukaryotic flagella are made of tubulin; prokaryotic flagella are made of flagellin

A researcher identifies a protein of interest and notes that it contains a hydrophobic region. Which of the following is it most likely to be?

Transmembrane proteins

Modern cell theory includes which of the following?

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

what type of filaments is majority on the muscle cells?

Microfilaments

What type of cells would have centrioles found in them ?

ONLY animal cells

All of the following structures are a part of the endomembrane system EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

Mitochondria

Which of the following best describes the function of microfilaments?

Help the cell movement

Which of the following is a transmembrane protein that sends signals to the cell about the extracellular environment?

Integrin

What are plastids?

Plastids are a group of membrane-bound organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells (plants and algae). They are responsible for functions such as photosynthesis (e.g., chloroplasts) and storage of products like starch.  

What are the major forces that hold the lipid bilayer together?

A hydrophobic interactions

Which of the following cellular components is NOT membrane-bound?

Ribosomes

Which protein are cytoskeletal microfilaments composed of?

Actin

What is gluconeogenesis?

Breakdown of noncarbohydrates into glucose

What is glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen into gluscose

Approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced from one FADH₂ coenzyme?

2 ATP

Which of the following lists the correct order of metabolism?

I. Pyruvate oxidation

II. Citric acid cycle

III. Oxidative phosphorylation

IV. Glycolysis

Glycolysis, Pyruvate, Krebs (citric), Oxidative phosphorilation(ETC)

What type of enzyme digests fats?

Lipase

Is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

Exergonic

During aerobic respiration which process occurs in the cytosol of the eukaryotic cell?

Glycolysis

Which of the following accurately describes the energetics of photosynthesis?

Non spontaneous, Gibbs +, endergonic

Which organisms do NOT have chloroplasts?

Cyanobacteria, algae, plants

Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

Thylakoid membrane

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

Granum

What is the special pair of chlorophyll molecules located in the center of each photosystem called?

Reaction center

What is another name for the reaction center in photosystem I?

P700

What is another name for the reaction center in photosystem II?

P680

How many electron transport chain(s) are there in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

Two, So, the first chain links PSII to PSI (ATP production), and the second chain carries electrons away from PSI to form NADPH.