Textbook suprises

major depressive episode

a period of at least two week when a person experienced a depressed mood or lose of interest or pleasure in daily activities

chronic delinquent offenders

youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetrate a striking majority. of serious criminal acts

primongeniture

During the Middle Ages, the right of firstborn sons to inherit lands and titles leaving their brother the option of military or religious career

Roper v. Simmons

a juvenile under 18 years of age who commits a capital crime cannot face the death penalty

Miller v. Alabama

Supreme Court case that held that mandatory life sentences, without the possibilities of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders

wayward minors

early legal designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status

crime discouragers

people who manage crime by monitoring places, guarding targets and handling offenders

focused deterrence

a policy that relies on pulling every deterrent “lever” available to reduce crime in the targeted problem

diffusion of benefits

an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one type of delinquent act may actually prevent another

displacement

an unintended effect of crime control measures in which crime is not actually deterred or eliminated but merely shifted or displaced to less well guarded, safer, locale

vulnerability model

assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime, some people are vulnerable to crime from birth

differential susceptibility model

the view that some people are predisposed to environmental influences

psychodynamic theory

branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood

latent delinquents

youths whose troubles family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others

disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)

a consistent pattern of behaviors that continually breaks normal social rules and is extremely oppositional and defiant of authority

behaviorism

branch of psychology concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes; focus on particular stimuli and responses to them

culture of poverty

view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms, which sometimes in conflict with conventional society

enculturated

the process by which an established culture teaches an individual its norm and values so that the individual can become an accepted member of society

cultural deviance theory

a unique lower-class culture develops in disorganized neighborhoods whose set of values and beliefs puts residents in conflict with conventional social norms

cultural transmission

cultural norms and values are passed down from on generation to the next

reaction formation

a psychological reaction that occurs when a person does or sats something that is the opposite of what they really want or what is socially expected and appropriate

differential association theory

asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily within interpersonal groups and that youth will become delinquent if definitions they have learned favorable to violating the law exceed definition favorable to obeying the law within that group

subterranean values

the ability of youthful law violators to repress social norms

social bond

ties a person to the institutions and processes of society; elements of the bond include attachment, commitment, and involvement. and belief