PE DANCE

Dance

a series of movements that follow the rhythm of the musical accompaniment.

Dance History

is one of the oldest forms of art across the world. Throughout history dance has been expressed during rituals, spiritual gatherings, and social affairs. While dance itself cannot leave tangible proof, ancient stone paintings and cave carvings have been closely observed.

India

The earliest physical evidence of dance, found in 9,000-year-old cave paintings in this location depicting social gatherings and dance.

Egyptian Tomb

Evidence of dance in tomb paintings from 3100-2100 BC in Egypt, illustrating priests celebrating through dance.

Rhythmic Activities

are the physical manifestation of an individual to rhythm, these are activities in which a person responds physically, mentally, emotionally and socially to music or any rhythmic accompaniment.

Rhythm

is the pattern of regular or irregular pulses caused in music by the occurrence of strong and weak beats.

Objectives of Rhythmic Activities

1. Develop skills necessary for recreational enjoyment.

2. Maintain good posture and physical etticiency.

3. Promote emotional freedom.

4. Develop a balanced and well-coordinated body.

Role and Function of Dance

According to Guha (2012), dance is an expression of self and emotion. It involves physicality of movement both bodily and facial. Smith (2010) emphasizes that dance is a fundamental element of human behaviour and has evolved over the years from primitive movement of the earliest civilization to traditional ethnic or folk style, to the classical ballet and modern genres popular today.

Elements of Dance

The ingredients of dance, including body, action, space, time, and energy.

Body

The instrument of dance, representing the mobile figure or shape seen by others.

Action

The movements performed by the body, governed by mechanical principles.

Space

 It is the medium of dance. As dancers move through space, their bodies create patterns on the floor and in the air.

Time

The rhythm and repetition patterns of a dance. It is this element that dictates not only the duration of a dance, but the speed in the execution of its steps.

Energy

how the movement happens. In combination with time and action, corresponds to the degree of tension or fluidity with which the steps are executed.

BASTE

An acronym for the five elements of dance:Body, Action, Space, Time, Energy.

Values of Dance

Benefits of dance including cultural education, physical development, and social learning.

Dance Outcomes

Cognitive, affective, physical, and social benefits gained through dance participation.

Classical Ballet

A highly stylized theater art originating from court dance, developed in Italy, France, and Russia.

Modern Dance

A deviation from classical ballet emphasizing natural expression of the human body and soul.

Contemporary Dance

A collaborative style incorporating elements from various dance genres.

Ethnic and Tribal Dance

Traditional dances reflecting the beliefs and customs of specific groups.

Social and Ballroom Dance

Dance forms designed for group participation and enjoyment, often in formal settings.

Popular Dance

 Highly recognized as a dance form in television and other dance centers.

Hip-Hop Dance

Is a style of movement characterized by bounces and rocks, executed to Hip Hop music.

Dance Sports

Used to describe high level American style and international style ballroom dancing. It is done on a competitive level rather than exhibition or social dancing. It features two categories namely the Modern Standard and Latin American dances.

Folk Dances

Traditional dances passed down through generations, reflecting daily activities of specific communities.

Arms in Lateral Position

Both arms held at one side, either right or left, at various levels.

Brush

A movement where weight is on one foot while the other foot hits the floor and lifts.

Crossed Arms

Partners join hands while facing each other or standing side by side.

Cuts

Quickly displacing one foot with the other.

Do-is-do

Partners advance and pass each other while moving backward to their original positions.

Hop

A spring from one foot landing on the same foot.

Jaleo

Partners turn around while maintaining close elbow contact.

Jump

A spring from one or both feet landing in any direction.

Kumintang

Hand movement from the wrist in a circular direction.

Leap

A spring from one foot landing on the other.

Place

Positioning a foot without transferring weight.

Pivot

Turning on a fixed point with the foot.

Point

Lightly touching the floor with toes while balancing on the other foot.

Panadyak

Stamping in front or to the side with one foot.

Patay

A downward head bend supported by the forearm, with the other hand lightly supporting.

Salok

Swinging the arm in a scooping motion.

Saludo

Partners bow to each other or the audience.

Sarok

Crossing the right foot in front of the left while bending slightly.

Slide

Gliding a foot smoothly along the floor.

Stamp

Bringing the foot down forcefully on the floor.

Tap

Lightly rapping with the ball or toe of the foot without transferring weight.

Whirl

Making fast turns by executing small steps in place.

Body part

head, arms, hands, legs, feet, torso, elbows, wrists, shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles.

Body zones

body areas of the front, back, left side, right side, upper half, and lower half.

Psychological Factors

Fear anxiety and other mental phenomena affect movement either positively or negatively which may affect the performance of an individual.

Body bases

whatever supports the rest of the body, for

example when standing —the feet; when kneeling, the knees.

Physiological Factors

Physical fitness and body built are the two main concerns that affect human movement. Poor muscle development and low fitness level will surely affect movement.

Sociological Factors

These refer to the relationship of the performer with a particular group and his to social conformity and norms.

General

the dance area.

Personal

 the space reached while stationary.

Directions

forward, backward, sideways, upwards, or downward

Focus

where the eyes or the intention of the movement is directed.

Levels

 high, middle, low, or deep.

Pathways

the patterns or design made in the air or on the floor by the person's movements, pathways appear as straight lines, curved lines, or

combinations of straight and curved lines.

Shape

the design of the body's position.

Size

the magnitude of the body shape or movement, size is on a continuum of small to large.

 Hayon - hayon

to place one forearm in front and the other at the back of the waist.

Attack

Is the movement sharp and sudden, or smooth and sustained?

Weight

Does the movement show heaviness, as if giving into gravity, or is it light with a tendency upward?

Flow

Does the movement seem restricted and bound with a lot of muscle tension; or is it relaxed, free, and easy?

Quality

 Is the movement tight, flowing, loose, sharp, swinging, swaying, suspended, collapsed, or smooth?

Clock Time

We use this to think about the length of a dance or parts of a dance measured in seconds, minutes, or hours.

Dancers express feelings through movements, becoming more attuned to the

inner self,

* Dancers experience contrasting movements that help them define feelings, * Dancers express feelings and thoughts about their own and other people's

dances, helping them to put feelings and thoughts into words, * Dancers increase self-esteem through self-expression and the mastery of movement concepts while being engaged in a positive, non-competitive dance

form,

Affective Outcomes

* Dancers develop self-discipline as they develop skills and create dance, * Dancers learn to take risks by mastering movement challenges. They learn to trust, through activities that involve weight sharing, partnering, and group cooperation,

* Dancers gain an appreciation for other culture and movement styles,

* Dancers respect the role of dance has in lifelong well-being.

*Dancers develop healthy habits through movements and exercise, * Dancers apply the concepts and principles of dance as they develop dance skills,

* Dancers develop body awareness. control, balance, and coordination,

* Dancers gain physical strength, flexibility, stamina, and agility,

Physical Outcomes

*Dancers increase knowledge and vocabulary through an understanding

of the concept and principles of dance,

* Dancers solve movement problems that are both simple and complex,

honing problem-solving skills

* Dancers gain an understanding of the global community through the

study of dance history and culture,

* Dancers develop auditory, visual, literacy, and verbal skills through

observation and multimodal forms of reflection,

* Dancers increase knowledge of other subjects as dance is integrated

into the school curriculum,

* Dancers expand creative skills through choreography and

improvisation, and * Dancers improve memory through the recollection of concepts, steps, patterns, and phrases.

Cognitive Outcomes

*Dancers learn to collaborate with others through partner and group

work,

* Dancers bond with one another through positive physical contact and

verbal reflection,

* Dancers develop poise through informal showings or formal

performances,

* Dancers develop leadership skills by taking the lead in a partner and

group work,

* Dancers learn the appropriate way of touching others through gentle

physical contact and weight sharing, * Dancers discover the value of individual differences through creative exploration, problem-solving, and the study of other dance forms and cultures.

Social Outcomes