Chapter 2 Biology: Organisation

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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Part of the immune system, tasked with protecting the body from infections.

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests and destroys pathogens.

Plasma

A pale yellow liquid that transports substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Platelets

Cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Aerobic Respiration

The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

The incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Gas Exchange

The process by which oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Glycolysis

The first stage of aerobic respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

The second stage of aerobic respiration occurring in mitochondria, releasing carbon dioxide.

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced and oxygen is used to form water.

Heart Structure

Composed of chambers (atria and ventricles) and valves that regulate blood flow.

Stomata

Small pores on leaf surfaces that facilitate gas exchange and transpiration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water potential.

Turgid

The state of a plant cell when it is swollen with water, providing structure.

Denaturation

The process by which proteins lose their structure due to high temperature or inappropriate pH.

Lock-and-Key Model

A model describing how substrates fit into an enzyme's active site.

anti blood clotting

Medications that prevent blood clotting.

Statins

Drugs that reduce cholesterol levels in the body.

Plasmolysis

The process where a plant cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to extreme water loss.