Kingdom Plante - Biology 11

What are the 3 adaptations to land required for plants

1. Land plants had to develop new structures to replace the advantages provided by an aquatic environment.

2. Water was vital to the first land plants. They needed water to supply nutrients

3. Temperature or climate on land is more unpredictable and harsher than in the water

What is photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

What is the cuticle

The cuticle is the waxy, waterproof layer that covers leaves and stems of most plants and helps prevent water loss

What is a stomata

Stomata are tiny openings in plant leaves that let plants exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide and help control water loss

What have plants evolved from

Green algae

What are the similarities between plants and green algae

1. Both have chlorophyll and chloroplasts

2. Both have cell walls that contain cellulose

3. Both develop a call plate during cell division

4. Both store energy as starch

What are the differences between plants and green algae

1. Plants consist of specialized cells; algae usually have a few specialized cells

2. Plants have specialized structures such as leaves, stems, and roots. Algae lack these structures

3. Most plants do not require water for fertilization; algae rely on water

What are the classifications of land plants

They are classified according to vascular tissues.

1. Vascular plants: have tube like structures that transport water form the roots to the stem to the leaves

2. Non vascular plants: Absorb water only through their surfaces.(Has no vascular tissues)

What are the classifications of plants after non vascular and vascular

1. Seedless

2. Seed-bearing

What are the different phyla of kingdom plante

1. Phylum Bryophyta

2. Phylum Pterophyta

3. Phylum Ginkophyta

4. Phylum Coniferophyta

5. Phylum Anthophyta

What makes up Phylum Bryophyta

Mosses

Small

Multi cellular

Live on land in moist habitats

Lack vascular tissues

Gametophyte Dominant

What makes up Phylum Pterophyta

Ferns

Vascular plants

Sporophyte dominant

What makes up Phylum Ginkophyta

Ginkoes

Trees with fan shaped leaves that lose their leaves in the fall

sexes seperate

What makes up Phylum Coniferophyta

Confiers

Seeds born on cones

Wind pollinates

eg. Pine, spruce, cedar

What makes up Phylum Anthophyta

Flowers pollinated by wind or by animals

Agiosperms (flowering plants)

What are the two classes in Phylum Anthophyta?

1. Class Monocotyledonae

2. Class Dicotyledonae

What is Class Monocotyledonae

Monocots

Embryo with a single cotyledon

eg. lily, corn, grasses

What is Class Dicotyledonae

Dicots

embryo with two cotyledons

rose, maple, oak

What are Bryophytes

Non vascular plants

Eg. Phylum Bryophyta (Moss)

Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

What are the characteristics of non vascular plants

Autotrophic

Eukaryotic

Very small

Lack vascular tissues

Do not form true roots, stems, or leaves

Seedless plants that produce spores

Gametophyte is dominant

Must have water for the male gametes to fertilize the female gametes

Archegonia is female

Antheridia is male

What are Gametes

Gametes are the reproductive cells in plants—male gametes are sperm cells in pollen, and female gametes are egg cells in the ovule.

What is a Rhizoid

What are Gametophytes

Gametophyte is the haploid (one set of chromosomes) stage in a plant's life cycle that produces gametes (egg and sperm cells). It develops from spores and is the sexual phase in plants and algae

What is a capsule

Protects the developing spores and releases spores

What are the 2 methods of asexual reproduction

Fragments and Gemmae

What is an Archegonium

Flask shaped structure that forms on the branches of the gametophyte. (Gametophyte is the haploid (one set of chromosomes) stage in a plant's life cycle that produces gametes)

Egg Producing organ of a moss

Forms one egg

What is an Antheridium 

Sperm producing organ of a moss

Alternation of generation

Alternation of generations is a plant life cycle where the plant switches between a diploid sporophyte stage that makes spores and a haploid gametophyte stage that makes gametes. This cycle repeats for reproduction and growth

Why are mosses important?

Mosses help prevent soil erosion by covering the soil surface and absorbing water