Intro to Animal science Final exam

Animal Production

Merino

sheep for wool, most dominant worldwide, very fine fleece, hardy, long lived sheep, typically smaller

Rambouillet

sheep for wool, larger and faster growing, dominant in Western US and TX, developed by king Louis XVI

Columbia

crossbred sheep for wool, cross between Lincoln rams and Rambouillet, largest crossbred breed, coarser wool than Rambouillets

Hampshire

sheep for meat, rapid growth and muscularity, most popular sire breeds in commercial production

southdown

sheep for meat, oldest breed, meaty, lightweight carcasses, low maintenance

suffolk

sheep for meat, old breed for sire breed, rapid growth, produce lean, muscular carcass

what can goats be used for?

milk, meat, wool

Angora goat

mohair- world’s finest and most valuable hair, sheared 2x/year, produced by kids (hair gets coarser with age), managed primarily under range conditions

Boer

South African, meat goat - hardy, fast growing, high carcass quality, docile, good spring of rib, body length and muscle tone

spanish goat

brush/scrub goat, mostly meat production, also brush-blearing purposes, high variability appearances, can be breed outside of regular season, very hardy(able to survive)

nubian

most popular dairy goat, high butterfat but doesn’t produce as much milk as other, “jersey of milk goats” can live in vet hot climates and have longer breeding season than others

sheep production systems

Intensive Management Systems and Extensive Management system

Intensive Management Systems

farm flock operations, lamb feedlot

Extensive Management system

southwestern range operations, Northwestern range operations

fam flock operations

common in midwest, primarily concerned with lamb production, maternal lines for prolific and heavy milking crossed with paternal (sire) lines for fast growing and muscular carcasses

lamb feedlot

purchasing lambs and feeding them to a marketable weight is the goal, requires effort to achieve, allows producers to maintain production w/o lush pasture

southwestern range operations

usually use fine-wool type ewes, sheep are adaptable to environmental conditions, produce high quality fine-wool fleeces and fast-growing lambs.

major impact factors of southwestern range operations

rainfall, predators, prices for lambs and wool

northwestern range operations

greater abundance of feed than southwest, larger, coarser-fleeced ewes, flocks produce a greater number of lambs/ewe, often graze federal lands managed by forest service and bureau of land management

Goat production systems

hair production (Angora, cashmere), Meat production (no grading system for meat goats so inconsistency), dairy goat production (managed system that mimics dairy cattle, still considerably less data than dairy cattle)

common management practices

range vs shed lambing/kidding, docking and castration, crutching/facing, drenching/spraying, predator control, herding

range vs shed lambing/kidding

range- ewes and nannies generally lamb/kid without assistance, genetic and nutrition are priorities to make sure problems with dystocia are minimized shed- ewes and lambs/kids are brought into barn and put in “jugs” until they are properly bonded, more labor and expenses, allows for close monitoring

docking and castration

best performed at same time, around 2-4 weeks, less stressful early

methods for each procedure

docking- knife, elastrator, emasculator, electric docker castration- knife, elastrator, burdizzo, all-in-one castrator

why is shearing wool important

it is a welfare concern

crutching

shearing of wool from reproductive area and mammary system of ewes before parturition, keeps area free of dirt and fecal matter

facing

shearing of wool from facial area, prevents obstruction of vision

drenching and spraying

removal of internal and external parasites

predator control

putting different animals in the same paddocks or pen can help protect the sheep or goat herd- Great Pyrenees, donkeys, llamas

predators of sheep and goats

mountain lions, wolves

herding

working dogs, border collies, Australian shepherds, corgis

how to age sheep/goats

use teeth

breeding sheep

characteristics are bred: skeletal correctness, frame, wide chest and ribcage, muscularity, fleece (density, fineness, uniformity of grade)

wool production

1. shearing- done in spring and takes 2-3 min 2. grading- sorting wool according to fineness and length 3. packaging- each bale contains ~500 lbs 4. storage- bales are sampled and processed to determine wool yield 5. marketing 6. manufacturing- sorted and cleaned before being processed into yarn

wool evaluation

classified based on 3 main factors: yield, grade, staple length other factors:uniformity, color

importance pod sheep and goat production

provide asset in addressing future food shortage, high reproductive rate and ability to utilize otherwise unusable forage sources,

how much milk does a cow produce

6.3 gallons of milk daily/ 2,300 gallons each year

how many us farms are family owned

97%

how long does it take for milk to reach grocery store

48 hours

holstein/ holstein-frisians- dair cattle

most popular (90% dairy cattle US), from netherlands/northern Germany, arrive mid 1800s, typically black and white, total milk solids % are lower-determine quality and use of the milk

jersey- dairy cattle

2nd most popular, developed on island of jersey, France, early 1800s, range from light tan to almost black, ability to efficiently convert feed to milk, lower body maintenance needs, amount of milk is lower, total solids %- highest of all breeds

brown Swiss- dairy cattle

3rd most pop, Switzerland and came to US mid-1802, normal brown to gray, known for ability to produce milk in hot climates, 2nd in milk production, total solids % middle of all breeds.

ayrshire- dairy cattle

red and white color, from Scotland, milk production midrange of all breeds, total solids % low

Guernsey- dairy cattle

island of Guernsey, medium sized red and white breed, milk lower in total solids than jersey, deep yellow/golden milk due to beta carotene(precursor to vitamin A)- golden guernsey

milking shorthorn

may be red, white, red and white or roan, known for high levels of fertility, grazing efficiency and ease of management

component pricing

composition is not uniform- fat + (cream, butter), protein +(cheese), somatic cells -( all products, especially cheese), premium for fat as long as 10 lbs has more value than gallon of milk, often premium for low cell content

selection of dairy cows

frame (15%), dairy character (20%), body capacity (10%), feet and legs (15%), udder (40%)

udder traits

udder depth (moderate and adequate), teat placement(squarely under each quarter) udder cleft (strong suspensory ligament, define halving), teats( cylindrical shape, uniform size and medium length), udder balance and texture (level, balanced quarters, soft and collapsed after milking)

production trends in us

decrease in number of dairy operations and cows, increase in herd size, total milk production, and production per cow

correct milking procedures

important for profitable dairy production and meeting animal welfare. this can help increase production, quicker milk output, higher quality, and happy and healthy animals

milking process

1. at milking, wash teat and wear gloves(triggers release of oxytocin) 2. teats are dried 3. one inflation of milking claw is placed on each teat 4. vacuum applied to claw and draws milk, flow meter determines amount of milk being produced 5. when milk stops, flow meter reads 0 and milking claw falls off automatically 6. each teat is dipped into iodine to prevent bacterial invasion

total time of milking process

7 minutes

after milking process

milk from cows is collected in large vat (holding container) normally underground to protect from temperatures, milk is then transferred to truck and taken to processing plant

mastitis

infection and inflammation of udder- greatest economic loss to industry

symptoms of mastitis

acute-hot, swollen udder-drop in milk production

how to treat mastitis

antibiotics

ketosis

metabolic disorder with negative energy balance, caused by underfeeding, stress and other infections

how to treat ketosis

IV of glucose injections

displace abomasum

“displaced stomach” when abomasum Moges to abnormal position, caused by too much silage or concentrate before calving, vet consulted for treatment

milk fever

imbalance of calcium, muscle paralysis and prevents cows from standing

treatment/ prevention of milk fever

calcium and phosphorus supplements help prevent, treat with infusion of calcium salts

retained placenta

placenta not expelled after birth, quickly become infected, vet remove or allow to hang and it will release. caused by heat stress, low vitamin E and selenium, in bloodstream

prolapsed uterus

uterus becomes weak during parturition process (birthing), uterus flips inside out, uterus exits animal, if it happens multiple times- animal culled

newborn/young calves housing

individual stalls, in or outside, better ventilation outside- less respiratory disease. calf hutches popular after weaning. at 8 wks, heifers normally grouped with others of similar age, separate heifer growing barns, open front sheds also popular

traditional housing one year+

tie-stall barns- tied to individual stalls during milking and rest of day, released to pasture at night in summer, free-stall housing-allow cows to enter and leaving as they wish, milked in tie-stalls or milking parlor

traditional milking

parlor system- cow comes to milker, group enters at a time- udders at chest level for milker in pit, all cows washed and milked at same time-increase # of cows a person can milk/hour, robotic milking system-reduce milking labor requirements, allows cows access 24 hours a day-sensors

calf care/nutrition

1. starts within 24hr of birth 2. calves are weaned immediately after receiving colostrum 3. cows returned to milking herd after parturition 4. calves raised by humans 5. replace milk with water gradually 6. 12 weeks to 1 yr- fed a grain mix

heifer nutrition

after breeding, heifers fed free-choice, high-quality forage. grain mix may be added to ensure proper development and provide minerals and vitamins since farmer is hoping heifer is pregnant. high protein food allows for cow to carry her calf nutritionally

what is a heifer

female who has not given birth yet (1-2 years old)

lactating dairy cows

require high quality food to sustain good milk production- normally lasts about 10 months. nutrition is based on body size and milk production

dry dairy cattle

“dry”- milking stopped, not producing milk. aunt 60 days before next expected calf. this is a rest period

When were pigs first domesticated

around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago

where were pigs first domesticated

current-day china and parts of Western Asia

When was racing pigs for food popular in the USA

16002 and 1700s

Who was Hernando de Soto, what was he dubbed

“the father of the American pork industry” he landed with America’s first 13 its at Tampa Bay, Florida in 1539

what was wall street

wooden wall dutch colonists built in lower Manhattan in 1653 to defend themselves from British and native Americans but also pigs in 1600s would destroy farmers crops on manhattan island and the wall stopped this

Yorkshire pig

the most recorded, white in color, erected ears, known for muscle, lean meat, low fat, decent litter sizes

duroc pig

second-most recorded, red, high quality product, heavy muscled, longevity, hot tempered/aggressive

berkshire pig

third most recorded, fast and efficient growth, high quality meat, “Angus” of pork world

Hampshire pig

fourth most recorded, belt coat, minimal backlit, mothering ability

landrace pig

fifth most recorded, droopy ears, large litters, heavy milkers, longer length of body

Chester white pig

droopy ears, mothering ability, durable breed, decent muscling

Poland China Pig

large frame, leanness and muscling, excellent feeders, quilt in their deposition

spotted pig

black and white spots, feed efficiency, rate of gain, females=docility

gestation of pigs

114 days, 3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days

what age are gilts bred

170 to 220 days of age

what are gilts called after first litter

sows

how much do piglets weigh at birth

2-3 pounds

under perfect conditions, how many litters can sows have

2.61 litters/year

indications of farrowing in pigs

restlessness, swelling of vulva, fullness of udder, milk letdown, fluids present from vulva

period from birth to weaning

~18 to 21 days

when are sows moved into farrowing crate/pen

one week before farrowing date

how long after farrowing begins should the piglets be delivered

15-20 minutes

how many piglets per litter

12-13 piglets

how long are piglets in nursery

42 to 56 days or 6 to 8 weeks in temperature controlled room fed with corn/soybean meal

growing to finishing-pigs

115 to 120 days or 16 to 17 weeks, diet of corn and soybean meal, monitored for growth and health until 6 months of age