Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1 - The Human Body

Exam 1

anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

physiology

study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

gross or macroscopic anatomy

the study of large, visible structures

regional anatomy

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

system anatomy

looks at one system

surface anatomy

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen by the human eye

cytology

the study of cells

histology

the study of tissues

developmental anatomy

the study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life

embryology

study of developments before birth

anatomy observation types

manipulation (moving)

palpation (feeling)

auscultation (listening)

subdivisions of physiology

organ systems

cellular and molecular levels

complementarity of structure and function

what a structure can do depends on its specific form

structural organization of the human body

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

contractility

movement at the cellular level

integumentary system

skin, cutaneous receptors, sweat glands, and oil glands

synthesizes vitamin d

skeletal system

provides a framework that the muscles use to cause movement

blood cells are formed and minerals are stored

muscular system

movement, facial expression, posture

produces heat

nervous system

fast-acting control system

control center

endocrine

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

cardiovascular system

blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes

heart pumps blood

lymphatic system / immunity

picks up fluid leaked and returns it to blood, disposes of debris

houses white blood cells for immunity

respiratory system

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

urinary system

regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

male reproductive system

testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

female reproductive system

ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

nutrients

carbohydrates: major source of energy

proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry

fats: long-term energy storage

minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

oxygen

essential for release of energy from foods and ATP

water

most abundant, provides watery environment needed for chemical reactions and fluid base for secretions and excretions

normal body temperature

37 degrees celsius

changes rates of chemical reactions

appropriate atmospheric pressure

adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

homeostatis

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

variables

factors in body that can change

what systems maintain homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine

homeostatic control components

receptor, control center, effector

receptor

monitors environment, responds to stimuli

control center

receives input from receptor and determines response

effector

receives output from control center, response either reduces or enhances stimuli

negative feedback

reduces original stimulus

positive feedback

enhances original stimuli