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Neolithic Rev., Classical & Post Classical Era

When was Paleolithic period? What does it mean?

250,000-10,000 BCE, “old stone age”

Nomads

People that lived in small groups and travelled on food

Seasonal Nomads

People that moved around based on seasons

Egalitarian

Shared gender roles and status, few hierarchies

Shamanism

belief in people being a spiritual guide or figurehand that can commune with spirits

Animism

belief that animals have spirits that interact with the natural world

Difference between Shamanistic Animism and Christianity

Shamanistic Animism typically isn’t worshipped

When was the Neolithic Period? What does it mean?

8000 BCE, “new stone age”

Why did people start to settle?

Agriculture

What were effects of surplus food? (2)

* Population growth
* Trade

What were common settlements during the Neolithic Revolution? Why were they common?

River Valleys, rich soil

Patriarchy

* Father is head of family
* Woman considered property (no rights)
* Male Dominance

Hierarchy during Neolithic

land owners and religious institution leaders gathered power in first class

What was the reason for the invention of writing?

Record keeping

What was irrigation used for?

organization of agriculture

What did neolithic living standards provide? (5)

* More stability
* larger communities
* food diversity
* less prone to famine
* decreased stress/work

What are the characteristics of civilization? (5)

* Cities
* Technology
* Writing
* Specialized Labor
* Complex Institutions

What was the agricultural revolution?

People began to produce surplus food; planting crops and raising animals

Where and when did the agricultural revolution start?

Middle East, around 8000 BCE after an ice age

What allowed people to specialize in other activities?

Agriculture

How did specialization change life? (6)

* Population grew
* People became highly skilled at one job
* New technology
* Extensive government and taxation
* Competition for resources/wealth (conflict)
* Social classes between wealth and job divided

What was the first civilization?

Mesopotamia

City-States

an independent state made up of a city and its surrounding territory

Polytheistic

Belief in many gods

What was the first written language?

Cuneiform

Monotheistic

Belief in one god

Is Hinduism poly or monotheistic?

both

How was Hinduism developed?

Aryans brought Vedas and a belief that many deities existed

How is Hinduism worshipped?

No weekly worship but emphasis on home shrines

Why is Hinduism sometimes considered monotheistic?

People began to regard all deities as the expression of one

What did Vedas teach? (2)

* The soul is reborn multiple times before it would spiritually advance enough to be freed
* Society should be organized into caste systems

Caste System of Hinduism

* Brahmins- priests and teachers
* Kshatriyas- warriors and rulers
* Vaishyas- farmers, traders, & merchants
* Shudras- labourers
* Palits (outcastes)- street sweepers and latine cleaners

Zoroastrianism

focus on human free will and the eternal battle between the forces of good and evil

Is Zoroastrianism poly or monotheistic?

Monotheistic

Judaism

believe that they have entered a covenant and in return for their devotion, Yahweh (god) would consider them his chosen people

Is Judaism poly or monotheistic?

Monotheistic

Four noble truths

* Suffering
* Origin of suffering (desire)
* End of suffering (enlightenment)
* Path to enlightenment (middle way)

Nirvana

through meditation one can escape the cycle of life

Who was the founder of buddhism?

Siddharta-Guatam

Buddhism

Believe life is suffering and meditation/good behavior will achieve nirvana and enlightenment

Christianity

Believe in the holy trinity, Jesus, his resurrection, and second coming

Both Christians and Jews follow the old testament (T/F)

True

Both Christians and Jews follow the new testament (T/F)

False, only christians

What empire was South Asia under during the first period of unity?

Mauryan empire

Who was ruling the Mauryan empire during it’s highest point?

Ashoka

How did the Mauryan empire spread laws?

Inscribing them on pillars

What empire was South Asia under during the second period of unity?

Gupta empire

When South Asia was under the Gupta empire, it was patriarchal era (T/F)

True

What was the order of all the chinese dynasties? (6)

* Zhou
* Qin
* Han
* Sui
* Tang
* Song

What was the warring states period and what caused it?

time of instability and decentralization, caused by dynasty weakening

Mandate of Heaven

Only one ruler of China could serve at a time and the ruler had to have the blessings of gods

The Mandate of Heaven contains the idea that natural disasters were signs that the ruler was ineffective (T/F)

True

What did Confucius describe in his teaching?

How people should behave

Confucianism focused on deities (T/F)

False

Followers of Confucius were called Analects (T/F)

True

What did Confucius focus on? (5)

* Education
* Benevolence
* Virtue
* Respect for authority
* patriarchal structure

Confucius didn’t believe in honoring ancestors (T/F)

False, he emphasized on filial piety

Daoism

focused on how people could live in harmony with nature

Does Daoism emphasize external behavior more than internal reflection?

No, it emphasizes internal reflection more than external behavior

Civil Service Exam

required students to analyze confucian teachings and good scores led to prestigious jobs in government

The civil service exam led to poorly educated people (T/F)

False, led to well-educated people

How were Spartans able to organize around a powerful military?

Women, elders, and slaves filled roles so that men could train as soldiers

Athenians allowed all women to make direct political decisions (T/F)

False, only free men were allowed to

Was Rome’s culture borrowed from the Greeks?

Yes

What was Rome famous for?

Publicly funded projects

Roman military was often corrupt and didn’t deal with epidemics (T/F)

True

Why did a non-roman become emperor of Rome?

Because Rome became extremely weak

What was the only exception to Rome being religiously diverse?

Faith had to accept the nature of the emperor

Why was Jesus executed?

Because of his teachings

Why was the capital of Rome moved eastward and what was it’s name?

The eastern half of the Roman Empire was wealthier and politically more powerful, Constantinople

What is an entrepot?

a coastal trading center

Teotihuacan became one of the largest cities at the end of 6th century CE (T/F)

True

Who created the most accurate calendar, was good at astronomy, and understood the importance of zero?

Mayans

What made trading along entrepots easier?

Knowledge of monsoons

Who believed they received revelations from God?

Muhammad

Islam religion

believe that Muhammad was last in line of great prophets

Five Pillars of Islam

* Belief in one god (Allah)
* Ritual prayer
* Almsgiving
* Fasting
* Making pilgrimage to Mecca

What is Sharia?

law code to regulate Muslim religious and civic behavior

Did Islam experience a crisis when Muhammad died?

Yes

What was the division of Sunni and Shi’a?

Sunni- felt that caliph should be selected among leaders

Shi’a- Felt that calip should be related to Muhammad

Who were the most influential rulers of Islam?

Those of Abbasid Caliphate

What dynasty of China constructed the Grand Canal?

Sui Dynasty

Tributary System

surrounding kingdoms should make payments and submit to rule in exchange for trading privleges

What is a Shogun?

Military general of Japan

Who are Samurais?

Warriors of Shogun

Shinto

Beliefs centers on veneration of ancestors and nature spirits

Agricultural practices demanded for more complex governments (T/F)

True

What kingdom in Africa benefitted from muslim trade, protected trade routes, and taxed gold and salt?

Kingdom of Ghana

What was most likely the reason Great Zimbabwe declined?

Reduced gold mine outputs

What was the hub of Indian Ocean Trade?

India

What kept southern India unified and stable? (2)

* Hinduism
* the caste system

How was Buddhism and Hinduism spread?

Through trade

How did Islam spread?

Muslim merchants settled in new regions

What made europeans aware of achievements in the middle east and asia?

the Holy Crusade in 1095

What two branches was christianity split into?

Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church

What were two civilizations that developed in the Americas after the mayans left?

Mississippian and Toltees

What country had the most equal gender roles?

Egypt