A&P Skeletal System

Skeletal system provides … (4)

structure, protection, movement, and storage of minerals/fat

Functions of skeletal system (3)

Movement, protection of organs, and storage of minerals and lipids

Define Long bones & where they are found (2)

Bones longer than they are wide; found in arms and legs (ex: femur, humerus)

Define Short bones

Bones with equal length and width (ex: wrist and ankle bones)

Define Flat bones

Thin bones that protect vital organs (ex: ribs, skull)

Define Irregular bones

Bones with complex shapes (ex: vertebrae, hip bones)

Red bone marrow is tissue that produces…?

blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Yellow bone marrow is tissue that stores…?

fat (lipids)

Growth plates are the located where …? Why are they located there?

ends of long bones; because that’s where bone length increases during growth

Define Joints

Locations where two bones meet

Ball-and-socket joint is a joint that allows for…?

movement in many directions (ex: shoulder, hip)

Hinge joint is a joint that allows…?

movement in one direction (ex: elbow, knee)

Immovable joints are joints that …?

do not allow movement (ex: skull sutures)

Define Ligaments

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Hyaline cartilage (what type of tissue is it & what is the function)

Smooth tissue; reduces friction between bones at joints

Synovial fluid (what is it & where is it found)

Lubricating fluid found in movable joints

What are Osteons (Haversian systems); What gives it it’s shape/structure?

Structural units of compact bone; made of concentric rings

Define Compact bone & it’s function

Dense outer layer of bone; provides strength

Osteocytes are…? What is the function?

Mature bone cells; maintain bone tissue

Define Lacunae & what their function is

Small spaces in bone that house osteocytes

Periosteum; where is it & what does it contain (2)

Outer fibrous covering of bone containing nerves and blood vessels

Osteoblasts (what are they & what does it do (2))

Cells that build new bone and deposit minerals

Osteoclasts are cells that…?

break down bone tissue

Bone remodeling is the process where…

bone is continuously broken down and rebuilt

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones become weak due to excessive breakdown of bone

Osteoarthritis; what is it & what does it cause

Disease where joint cartilage wears down, causing pain and stiffness

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Genetic disorder causing brittle bones due to defective collagen

Muscle-bone interaction

Muscles pull on bones to create movement

Define Tendons

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Define the Prime mover

Muscle responsible for a specific movement

Define Antagonist muscle

Muscle that relaxes while the prime mover contracts

How muscles move bones (2 step)

Muscles contract and shorten, pulling on tendons to move bones

Skeletal and muscular system relationship (hint involves nervous system)

Muscles contract in response to nervous signals and move bones at joints

Hyoid bone (significance & what is it held by? (2))

The only bone in the body not connected to another bone; held in place by suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Not explicitly named, but note: only compact bone is covered — check whether your source distinguishes this (the text only discusses compact bone directly, so this may not need adding)

What is bone matrix made of? (2)

Calcium and phosphate

What is the central canal of an osteon? What does it contain (2)?

a channel that runs through each osteon; contains blood vessels and nerves

What type of bone cell is multinucleate versus mononucleate?

Osteoclasts are multinucleate; osteoblasts are mononucleate

What do osteoblasts develop into?

Osteocytes

What happens if osteoclasts break down bone faster than osteoblasts rebuild it? (also name what disease this refers to)

Bones become weak and brittle; osteoporosis

What does arthritis damage?

The cartilage that articulates between joints

Pivot joint

A type of synovial joint (along with ball