Form and Function Exam 1 Messman

What are the 3 Body's Communication Networks

- nervous system

- Endocrine system

- Cardiovascular system

What does the Nervous system do

Sends paid and targeted messages

What does the Endocrine system do?

Sends Chemical Instructions

What does the Endocrine system do?

Transports materials and messages

What are the five types of receptors?

- Mechanoreceptors

- Chemoreceptors

- Thermoreceptors

- Photoceptors

- Nociceptors

What does Mechanoreceptors?

they detect physical forces like touch, pressure, vibration

What do Chemoreceptors do?

They detect specific chemical (taste, smells, blood pH)

What do thermoreceptors do?

Sense changes in temperature

What does photoreceptors do?

They detect light to enable vision (eyes)

What do Nociceptors do?"

Sense pains caused by tissue damage

What is homeostasis

it is an automatic process to maintain a stable and steady internal environment despite change in the outside world

- it is the body's neutral

- nervous system to complete homeostasis it fast and targeted responses

when your endocrine is trying to complete homeostasis, it is slower, longer lasting response

how does your body talk to each other

- stimulus

- detection

- processing

- response

is the body constantly talking to the brain

yes

How does the endocrine system act

it has slower communication with longer lasting effects

- the signal remains present in the body for longer periods of time

- it affects multiple tissues

- it is driven by slow changes

- growth

- reproduction

- stress

- Nutrient status

Endocrine Singling

- it the process of hormones talking

- it is a chemical messenger that travels throughout the body until it reaches its target tissue

- it must bind to cellular receptors

what are the two types of cellular receptors

- cells surface receptors

- intracellular receptors

how do cell surface receptors work

- signal by binding to a receptor site on the outside of the cell

-Peptide hormones

- Neurotransmitters

How do intracellular receptors work?

- by signal by entering the cell and changing cellular activity

- located in cytoplasm or nucleus

- steroid hormones

what are the two different feedback loops

- negative feedback

- positive feedback

what is negative feed back ex. getting cold or getting warm

- it opposes the change

- returns the body toward normal

- very common

what is positive feedback? ex parturition

- amplifies the change

- drive towards endpoint

- less common

what does the circulatory system do?

- it connects tissue and delivers messages throughout the body

- it transports

what does the circulatory system transport?

- oxygen and CO2

- Nutrients

- Waste products

- Hormones

- Immune cells \

-Heat

is blood classified as a connective tissue?

yes

what does blood do

- relays messages (Hormones)

- transports supplies (oxygen, nutrients)

- picks up waste

do you have to have good tissue perfusion for proper communication

yes

What is tissue perfusion?

- it is when blood travels form large to smaller arterioles to the capillaries

- Capillary beds are the primary site of exchange between the blood and tissues

when oxygen and nutrients move from blood to tissues

when carbon dioxide and wastes move from tissue to blood

when hormones leave the bloodstream and interact with receptors on their target

- tissue perfusion = blood flowing through a Capillary Bed, allowing exchange to occur

What do the lungs take care of?

- as the blood passes through gas composition is being corrected before giving back to the tissues.

- it uses chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH caused by increases or decrease in carbon dioxide

- it uses the nervous system to adjust the respiratory rate

What does the liver do?

it processes and distributes nutrient, toxin, and hormones uptake from gut

- nutrients use to store and circulate

- toxins/drugs - metabolize

- hormones - metabolize

what does the kidneys do

it is a filtration system,

- it removes waste into urine

- adjusts for the water

- Balances electrolytes (Na, K)

- regulates blood pH

what does the spleen do

it takes care of blood count, and immune surveillance

- blood quality control

- monitors red blood cell population

- removes and breaks down old or danged red blood cells

- stores reserve of blood and blood cells

detects blood-borne pathogens and foreign material

- supports immune cell activation and response

how does the body communicate

through the nervous and endocrine system

blood is a connective tissue that transports what

- signals

- nutrients

- gases

- wastes

- and other substance throughout the body

blood circulates though and does what?

blood to monitor, modify and regulate its composition

together these systems continually work to maintain what

homeostasis

what is an orgasm's life cycle

1. Fetus

2. Neonate

3. Growth

4. Adult

5.Aging

6. Death

The major organ systems

- skeletal system

- muscular system

- nervous system

- endocrine system

- integumentary system

- immune system

- cardiovascular system

- respiratory system

- Gastrointestinal system

- renal system

- reproductive system

what are the weak points of the skeletal system

- cartilage

- joints

- ligaments

what does the skeletal system do?

- provides structural framework

- protects vital organs

- mineral storage

- blood cell production

what are the components of the skeletal system

- bones

- cartilage

- joints

- ligaments

- bone marrow

Muscular system movement

is both voluntary and involuntary

the muscular system

- it help with movement

- posture and joint stability

- movement of substances

> Blood, feed, Air, Urine , Reproduction

- heat protection

what are the component of the muscular system

- skeletal muscle

- cardiac muscle

- tendons

- connective tissues

what does the nervous system do

- processing information

- detects changes

- controls body function

- coordination behavior

what are the Components of nervous system

- brain

- spinal cord

- nerves

- Sensory receptors

- Sense Organs

What does the endocrine system

- Produce hormones

- Regulates growth and development

- Controls metabolism

- coordinates reproduction

- maintains homeostasis

what are the components of the endocrine system

hypothalamus

pituitary glands

thyroid glands

adrenal glad

pancreas

ovaries/testes

placenta

what does the integumentary system

- forms a physical barrier against injury, pathogens, UV exposure and water loss

- thermoregulation

- secretion

what are the components of the integumentary system

- skin

-hair/wool/feathers

-hooves/horns

- sebaceous glands

- sweat glands

what does the immune system do

- defends against disease

- distinguishes self from non-self

-rapid and specific defense response

- creates immune response

what system creates immune memory

immune system

what are the components of the immune system

- white blood cells

- bone marrow

- thymus

- lymph nodes

- spleen

what does the cardiovascular system do

- transports blood

- removes waste

- supports thermoregulation

- maintains homeostasis

What are the components of the Cardiovascular system

- heart

- blood

- blood vessels

what does the respiratory system do

- gas exchange

-acid-base balance

- thermoregulation

what are the components of the respiratory system

nose

- nasal cavity

- pharynx

- larynx

- trachea

- lungs

- diaphragm

What does the gastrointestinal system do?

- ingestion / to take in

- digestion / to break down

- absorption / goes into blood stream

- elimination

what are the components of the gastrointestinal system

- esophagus

- liver

- stomach

- pancreas

- gall bladder

- small intestine

- large intestine

what does the renal/urinary system do

- remove metabolic waste

-regulate water balance

- regulates blood pressure

-stores and eliminate urine

what are the components of the renal/urinary system

- kidneys

- ureters

- bladder

- urethra

What does the reproductivity system do

- produces gametes

- produces reproductive hormones

- supports pregnancy

what are the components of the reproductive system

- ovaries

- testes

- placenta

what are the four languages of anatomy

- Anatomical positions

-regions and cavities

- directional term

- anatomical planes

what are the five body cavities

- cranial cavity

- vertebral canal

- thoracic cavity

- abdominal cavity

- pelvic cavity

what organ are located in the cranial cavity

- brain

- meninges

- pituitary gland

what organs are located in the vertebral canal

- Spinal cord

- meninges

- spinal nerve roots

what organs are located in the thoracic cavity

- lungs

- heart

- trachea

- esophagus

- major blood vessels

- thymus

What organs are located in the Abdominal cavity

- liver

- stomach(S)

- spleen

- pancreas

- small intestine

- large intestine

- kidneys

- adrenal glands

What organs are located in the pelvic cavity?

- reproductive tract

- bladder

- rectum

what items are in your dissection kit

- scalpel handle #4

- scalpel handle #3

- #22 scalpel blades

- #15 scalpel blades

- straight Kelly Forceps

- surgical scissor (s/b)

- rat tooth forceps

- blunt dissection probe

- T pins

- Stickers

What scalpel blades fit a #4 scalpel handle

- 20

- 21

- 22

What scalpel blades fit a #3 scalpel handle

- 10

- 11

- 15

what specimens will each group be dissecting this semester

- mice

- fetal pig

- sheep brain

- organs

- Skeleton

what organ is located in the thoracic cavity. it lies cranial to the diaphragm, ventral to the lungs and dorsal to the sternum

heart

this is paired organ is dorsal to the intestines, caudal to the liver, and cranial to the urinary bladder

kidney

these pair or organ occupy much of the thoracic cavity. they are lateral to the heart, cranial to the diaphragm and dorsal to the sternum

lungs

this organ is located in the in the abdominal cavity. it is caudal to the stomach, cranial to the large intestine, and ventral to the kidneys

small intestine

this elongated organ is on the left side of the abdominal cavity. it lies later to the stomach, caudal to the diaphragm, and cranial to the intestines

liver

this organ lies within the cranial cavity. it is dorsal to the oral and nasal cavity, cranial to the spinal cord, and enclosed within the skull

brain

this organ lies dorsal to much of the small intestine and extends caudally throughout the abdominal cavity

large intestines

this muscular organ is found in the caudal abdominal cavity. it lies ventral to the recum, medial within the pelvic cavity

bladders

this muscular tube begins caudal to the pharynx and extends through the thoracic cavity. it lies dorsal to the trachea and terminates at the stomach

esophagus

This elongated structure in enclosed by the vertebral column. it lies dorsal to the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavities

spinal cord

what kind of chemistry is homeostasis

biochemistry

what does every organ function ultimately depend on?

chemical reaction occurring within cells

what do enzymes control

reaction and metabolic pathways

what do receptors determine

they determine how cells receive and respond to signals

what has to stay balanced at molecular level so that it doesn't disturb cellular function

Molecule like O2, glucose, electrolyte and hormones

how can cellular dysfunction progess

tissue -> organ -> organ system dysfunction

having all processes within a range compatible with life =

Homeostasis

When did the prohibition happen

1920-1933

What was the 18th Amendment

it prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating alchol

What is a Speakeasies

it was a popular places to illegally buy and consume alcohol

What was bootlegging

they were people who distilled and sold alcohol

Was industrial alcohol still legal and widely used in prohibition?

YES

was ethanol intended for manufacturing/non beverage use during prohibition?

YES

what did the government require manufacturers to do to acholo

denature it / add chemical that made it unpleasant or dangerous to drink

What type of alcohol became popular during that time?

Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol)

methyl alcohol discerption

- industrial solvent

- cheap filler for bootlegged liquor

- smell and tasted the same as other alcohol

how much methyl was fatal for humans to consume

25mL or half of a shot