Psych 3120- Gender, body, sex and sexuality

Menopause

-period free for 12 months

-ovaries stop prducing eggs

-falling levels of hormones estrogen and progesterone

Perimenopause

-leading up to menopause

-last 6 to 8 years 

-estrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate 

-negative impact on health 

symptoms of menopause

-hot flashes and night sweats

-heart palpitiations

-vaginal and other eye and skin dryness

-pain during sexual intercourse

-weight gsain 

-brain fog, difffculty concentrating or with memory 

-senstive teeth 

-painful gum swelling 

-muscle and joint tension 

-digestion pain 

-headaches or migrained

-increased anxiety or depressed mood

-constipation

-dizziness

-impacts of vascular health or vascular problems 

Intersex bodies and healthcare 

-face genital mutilation, and non consensual sex normalizing surgeries 

-strelization, infertility, scarring, and reduction of pleasure 

-postponing interventions on the bodies of intersex individuals is only scientifically sound and ethnical way to ensure that the surgery coincides with each child’s gender identiy and interests how body might appear 

Chlamydia

-bacteria infection

-oral, vaganial and anal sex

-bleeding between periods, pain or bleeding during sex, pain in lower abdomen, burning sensation while peeing, changes to bodily discharge, burning and itching, pain in testicles

tested- urine sample, relevant swabs

treatment-antibiotics

when left untreated can cause- infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, and increase risk of ectopic pregnancy

Gonorrhea

-bacteria infection occurs same time as chlamydia

-get from condomless oral, vaginal and anal sex

symptoms- bleeding between periods, pain or bleeding during sex, pain in lower abdomen, burning sensation while peeing, changes to bodily discharge, burning and itching, pain in tesicles

testing-urine sample, and relevant swabs

treatment-antibiotics

if left untreated can cause-infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, increased risk of ectopic pregancy

Syphilis 

-bacteria infection 

-condomless oral, vaginal and anal sex 

-if undetected in the first two years of infection can pass syphills 

symptoms-open sore does not hurt, body rash, swollen glands

testing-blood test, relevant swabs 

treatment-antibiotics 

left untreated- damage to brain, heart and other organs in the body can become peramanemt 

HIV and PREP

Human immudodeficiency virus (HIV)- attacks body immune system, may lead to immune deficiency syndrom (AIDS)

-speads by condomless vaginal, oral and anal sex, or coming in contact with infected blood, or blood products, sharing needles or drug equiqument

PrEP- Pre exposure prophylaxis can prevent from getting AIDS

symptoms- fever, sore thorat, headache, aches, swollen glands

testing-blood test

treatment-antirroviral medicatitons under medical supervision

vaginoplasty

-tissue in the gential area is rearranged to create vaginal canal (or opening) an d vulva (external genitalia) including the labia

-vulvoplasty can create a femine-appearing outer genital area with shallow vaginal canal

phalloplasty 

-multi stagged or made up of various procedure, involves skin flaps being moved from one area to another 

-creating penis, lengtherenging urelthra to be able to pee standing up, creating scrotum, removing vagina, uterus, ovaries, placiing erectile or testicular impants 

radial forearm free flap (RFFF)- involves taking skin, fat, nerves, arteries, and veins from your wrist is about halfway up your forearm create the penis 

-other flaps can come from one’s thigh or back 

mastectomy- removes the breasts 

hysterectomy- removes interal reproductive oragans like ovaries and uterus 

facial femization procedures/surgery:

facial feminization procedure/surgery- reshaping of teh checkbones, brows, jaw, chin and lips includes hair transplants and face lifts 

Hormone replacement therapy

is a treatment in which people take hormones such as estrogen, or testosterone, or hormone blcokers, that just help achieve physical charcteristics

-skin patch, pill, gel or injection

-puberty blockers/suppression is reversible by hormone replacement therapy come with permanement changes

requirements for hormone blockers 

1. support decision-making around interventions 

2. provide accurate information about effects, side effects and health considerations 

3. confirm the WPATH criteria for care is met 

4. confirm psychosocial readiness, includes readiness of family, school enviroement, etc

5. confrim plan for ongoing suport and care

6. diagnosis of persistent well documented gender dysphoria or gender incourgurence

7. review of all medical, psychological and social issues

8. potential risks, complications and benefits should be discussed

9. consent must be obtained and use of puberty blocked must be deemed in best interest of child or adolescent by health care provider- parents, gurdians or cargeivers providing consent is encouraged and prefered

sex hormones and depression 

-sex hormones may play role in influencing mental health issues 

-female bodies go changes during periods, menopause, and puberty, brain may be unable to regulate quick hormonal changes 

premenostural syndrome- symptoms of irratiablity, anxiety, diffculties concentration, sleep disturbance 

-role of depression in preganancy 

-lack of support or history of abuse can be factors 

-risk of developing depressive symptoms during perimenopause has increased 

stress

-dysregulation in one of manor stress response systems

-altered levels of cortisol (both males and females_

-sex hormones can regulate stress responsiveness and increase sensitvity to flucluting cortisol levels

-sleep disturbancces

suicidal thoughts in perimeonopause and menopause

-feeling hopelessness and stuck

-peer suport and life-style changes

Toxic Masculnity and suicide in males 

-suicide more common in older males 

-traditional masculity 

-traditional masculnity can impact a men mental health, or recovery from chidlhood sexual abuse 

-emotional restriant and avoidance 

-elevated stress levels, self harm and addication are risk factors 

-others can be childhood sexual or physical abuse 

-gender streotypes of real men can cause emotional distress 

risk of depression in women

-hyperactivity of mood

-vulnerability to stress

-longer duration of episodes

-suicide attempts

-anxiety disorders

-substance or alcohol abuse

Brain differences 

-level of gray matter

-increase in left cerebellum

-reduction in right superior/middle temporal gyrus

-hippocampal volume

Hypothalamic-pituitary Gondal axis

-sexual hormones produced by gonads (both females and males)

-impact the brain and body

-involved in neuroplasticity

-stress response

-mood regulation

-reproductive hormonal fluctuations

-development of mental health issues

-brain is not able to quickly respond to hormonal changes during different life stages

Pubertal depression

-behavioural dysregulations

-physical development

-mood sensitivity

-increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone which maturation, and induces oestrogen, in males LH levels trigger the testes to secrete more testosterone and FSH activates the

spermatogenesis

-pubertal transition

Reasons-

1. Peer pressure

2. Early sexual activity

3. Body dissatisfaction

4. Peer sexual harassment

5. Early puberty

Premenstural  dysphoric disorder and premenstural syndrome 

1. Irritability

2. Depressed mood

3. Decreased interest in enjoyable activities

4. Difficulties in concentration

5. Appetite

6. Sleep disturbance

-hormone changes

-levels of steroid reproductive hormones

perinatal depression

-lack of support

-history of abuse

-high perceived sensitive

-labour and breastfeeding

-mild and temporary symptoms of baby blues

-low levels of gonadal hormones

-metabolism

-nutrition, immune system, and brain development and functioning

-levels of omega-3

-nervous system development of the baby

perimenopausal depression

perimenopause-period immediately prior before menopause

-last 3-9 years

-decrease in sex steroid levels

-hot flashes

-decreases in hormonal level

-weakness

-fatigue

-sexual dysfunction

-depression

-anxiety

-irritablity

-insomia

-memory impairment

-reduced cognitve function

stress and HPA Axis

-dysregulation in one major stress systems, HPA Axis

-altered levels and responsivity cortisol

-biological system is charcterized by sexual differences

-testosterone of inhibitory role of HPA axis function

-monthly hormonal fluctuations and oral contraceptive use can further influence women's cortisol response

immune system and inflammation

-inflammation affects behavior in mood disorders, schizophrenia, neurodegenerative disorders, and medical illness

-Alzheimer disease

metabolism and obesity 

-diabetes

-cardiovascular diseases

-cancer

-overweight and obesity risk factors- development of depressive symptoms

-obesity can be biological, and social

-vulnerability of woman

-major depressive disorder

-body mass index, total body fat, and visceral fat mass

-levels of gonadal hormones

childhood trauma

-sexual abuse and assault

-childhood maltreatment

-depressive symptoms

-psychological stress

sleep disturbances

-sleep disorders

-insomnia

-increased inflammatory state

-restless leg syndrome

-idiopathic hyperosmia

Cisgender 

matches identity assigned at birth 

Gender affirming

-breast reconstruction

-mastectomy

-penile implants

-testicular cancer

-hormone replacement therapy

-hair removal

timeline of manadates for inclusion and analysis for women

1993-inclusion of women in clinical trials

1997-candian clinical trial guidance which is guidance document on inclusion of women in clinical trials

2010-CIHR introduces mandatory boxes on research grants to include whether research would study and analyze sex/gender

2013-updated Canadian clinical trial is guidance document for considerations for inclusion women in clinical trials and analysis of sex

2016-NIH mandates inclusion of SABV in bio medical NIH grants

2019-CIHR: SGBA grant scoring is mandates SGBA inclusion as scoreable factor in grant applications

2020-EC is horizon Europe is the integration of gender dimension into research and innovation is requirement and evaluated under the excellence criterion

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 

-5 or more symptoms

1. Irritability or anger

2. Depressed mood or hopelessness

3. Anxiety or tension

4. Decreased in usual activities

5. Difficultly in concentrating

6. Fatigue or lack of energy

7. Appetite change

8. Insomnia or hyperosmia

9. Somatic symptoms

Gender dysphoria

-conflict between a person's physical or assigned gender and gender with which they identify

-uncomfortable with the gender they were assigned, and uncomfortable with their bodies or uncomfortable with roles assigned with their gender

-experience distress

Gender dysphoria in children

1. Strong desire to be the other gender (different from one assigned at birth)

2. In boys strong preference for cross dressing or simulating female attire or girls a strong preference for wearing typical masculine clothing

3. Cross gender roles in make believe play or fantasy play

4. Strong preference for toys, games or activities stereotypically used or engaged by other gender

5. Preference for playmates of the other gender

6. In boys (assigned gender) a strong rejection of typically masculine toys, games and activities and strong avoidance of rough-and-tumble play or in girls (assigned gender) a strong rejection of typically feminine toys, games, and activities

7. Dislike of one's sexual anatomy

8. Strong desire for primary or secondary sex characteristics that match one's experienced gender

9. Condition is associated with clinical significant distress or impairment in social, school or other areas of functioning