Multi-Subject CST - Early Childhood - ELA review

phoneme

The smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words.

Grapheme

the smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word

Phonics

the fairly predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

phonological awareness

-A broad term that includes phonemic awareness

-It includes identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language, such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes, as well as phonemes

-It also encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound, such as rhyming, alliteration and intonation

Onset and Rime

-Parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes

-Onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the b- of bag; the sw- of swim)

-Rime is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the -ag of bag; the -im of swim)

Phoneme Isolation

Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first sound in pan).

Phoneme Identity

recognize the same sounds in different words

phoneme categorization

recognize a word with a sound that does not match the sounds in other words

phoneme blending

combining phonemes to make a word

phoneme segmentation

break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound

phoneme deletion

recognize the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word

phoneme addition

make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word

phoneme substitution

substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word

Phonemic Awareness Instruction is most effective when...

Children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using the letters of the alphabet.

AND

When it focuses on only one or two types of phoneme manipulation

Systematic Phonics Instruction is more effective than

Non-Systematic or No phonic instruction including: Literature based programs, basal reading programs and sight word programs

2 Best ways of improving fluency are

Repeated and Monitored Oral Reading

AND

Students hearing models of fluent reading

Children learn the meanings of most words...

indirectly, through everyday experiences with Oral and written language.

Affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

base words

words from which many other words are formed

Word Roots

Words from other languages that are the origin of English words

6 Strategies that help improve text comprehension

1. metacognition

2.Comprehension Monitoring

3 .Using Graphic and Semantic Organizers

4. Recognizing Story Structure

5. Recognizing Story Structure

6.Summarizing

Metacognition

"Thinking about thinking"; the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.

comprehension monitoring

being aware of what you are reading, and when you are not understanding what you are reading

using graphic and semantic organizers

-graphic organizers illustrate concepts and interrelationships between concepts

-may be maps, webs, graphics, charts, frames, or clusters

-semantic organizers are graphic organizers that look like webs, lines connect central concept to interrelated ideas/events

-can HELP readers focus on concepts and how they relate

Recognizing story structure

Refers to the way the content and events of a story are organized into a plot. Story maps (graphic org) show the sequence of events in simple stories. Instruction of content and org improves students comprehension and memory.

Summarizing

A synthesis of important ideas in a text. This requires the readers to determine what is important in what they are reading to condense info and put into their own words.

Effective Comprehension Strategy Instruction is...

EXPLICIT or DIRECT

AND

Can be accomplished through cooperative learning

Direct Explanation

The teacher explains to students why the strategy helps comprehension and when to apply the strategy

Modeling

Teacher overtly demonstrates a strategy, skill, or concept that students will be learning.

guided practice

The teacher guides and assists students as they learn how and when to apply the strategy, practice done with frequent and immediate teacher assistance.

Application

The teacher helps students practice the strategy until they can apply it independently.

Multi-strategy instruction

Teaches students how to use strategies flexibly as they are needed to assist their comprehension.

Reciprocal Teaching

A cooperative learning model used to improve reading, in which students play the teacher's role

Children's literature is defined as

the collection of books that are read to and by children

poetry

communicates through linguistic imagery, sounds of words and a rhythmic quality

Epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

Lyric

related to the epic, but it is shorter and presents profound feelings or ideas

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Orton-Gillingham Approach

Instructional approach for students with difficulty reading, spelling, and writing. Used in small group instruction. Teaches phonics and linguistics. Uses direct instruction.

Bloom's Revised Cognitive Taxonomy highest level

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