Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2

Cell membrane

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment - consists of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

Macromolecules

provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and the ability to speed biochemical reactions

* (ex. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids)

Elements

building block of life, have an equal number of protons and electrons

Ions

* elements that have gained/lost an electron and now have a positive or negative charge
* help move nutrients into cells, help move waste out of cells, and help nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should

Blood

made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Plasma

made up of water, proteins, and salts

Blood volume

the total amount of fluid circulating within arteries, capillaries, veins, and chamber of heart at any time

Cell replication

whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells contain the same genetic information (DNA) as the parent cell

Cell differentiation

the process in which young, immature cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature form and function

Embryonic stem cells

found during the early blastocyst stage. They can develop into any cell.

Adult stem cells

undifferentiated stem cells in differentiated organs/tissues. They can develop only into closely related cell types.

Mitochondrion

produce ATP

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

rough ER

produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

Golgi apparatus

proteins are processed and sorted for transport

Lysosomes

rid cells of waste products