Theory of Architecture

CONTRAST

the difference between the type of treatment wlc are introduced in a bldg

PROPORTION

largely a matter of relationships. It is evident by a comparison which the eye makes between the size, shape, and tone of the various objects or parts of a composition

SCALE

has reference to proportions wlc are good for humans

BALANCE

is also equality.

SYMMETRICAL

The easiest and simplest kind of balance in which the elements are arranged in precisely the same manner on either side of the central axis or line.

Formal Balance

type of balance which approaches absolute symmetry but which lacks some of the essentials of this kind of composition. Here, the general mass and grouping of parts may be similar, but there are dissimilarities in plan, elevation of details.

UNSYMMETRICAL

(or occult balance).It attempts to satisfy the eye without any effort to place equal masses at similar distances from the centt3r of the composition. It is the grouping, in an informal manner, or elements varying sizes and shape.

RHYTHM

For example, in a poem the repetition of every end of a stanza, or every two lines having rhymes is called rhythm. Rhythm then is an organized movement. In architecture, the use of windows in every unit if it is a townhouse or in every other unit is what we call unaccented _____.

UNITY

is the culmination of all the elements of Design. Unity suggests harmony. It means that all the unrelated parts of an architectural arrangement are brought into proper relation to each other so that a satisfactory composition is obtained.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER

The most important kind of character in architecture is that which result from

the purpose of the building or the reason for its erection.

ASSOCIATED CHARACTER

This comes from the influence of ideas and impressions related to or

growing out of past experiences.

PERSONAL CHARACTER

If the building is designed in the proper spirit, this type of character will grow naturally from the structure itself. It is quite essential that this intangible quality agrees with the function of the building.

BAUHAUS

non - traditional forms & types.

BRUTALISM

not beautiful to the eyes

CONSTRUCTVISM

reconcile form and space Architecture

CONTEXTUALISM

blending old and new structure

DECONSTRUCTIVISM

subtract forms & dismantling the bldg. inside & out

EXPIRICISM

theory that all know/edge originates in sense experience

Leandro Locsin

Creating Architecture that is both modem & undeniably Filipino

Francisco ”Bobby" Manosa

-Architecture must respond to local conditions. "The Philosophy started

out with the “Nipa Hut”

Gilbert Yu

A Pragmatic Approach to Architecture. His famous equations: 0 + 0 + 0 = 100

Ramon S. Licup

"Good Architecture is not based on design but on the bldg's. function. the environment, the people's needs, the budget. & the climate.

Felipe Mendoza

“He Makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation."

William Varnas Coscolluela

“ More on Vertical Approach."

Ceasar Homero Concio

"The structure must be well oriented."

Shelter

used by man during his hours of rest

Factory

offers a place in which to work & to produce a commodity of exchange

Church

place of worship and spiritual relaxation

Early American House

This period saw; simple living & labor & materials were limited. Houses were

small and compact and were designs to provide the bare essentials.

Colonial House

As the affairs of the colonies prospered their ideas of comfort increased & the houses became more elaborate.

Early Farm House

As the descendents of these colonial people grew restive of life in the eastern states, they pushed westward to conquer the frontiers which challenged their courage &.industry. Again, necessity dictated the type of shelter which was erected.

Victorian House

Extravagance ' was the picture of the period. It was a period Of wealth, display &

pretense. The rich were inclined to show off their worldly belonging that their homes also displayed such characteristics.

Contemporary House

There was a tendency to design a place of habitation which :s very flexible in plan so that it can be changed to suit the conditions of the moment

Egyptian Temple

Built in a colossal & permanent way in order 10. preserve the bodies & perpetuate the memories of the dead & also to emphasize the supremacy of the deities

Greek Temple

adopted the Egyptians simple forms but mystery and gave way to refinement of detail.

Christian Church

encouraged the participation of the worshipers in a personal & direct way.

Churches were built to hold congregations & for that reason the interior was given more importance than the exterior.

TRANSPORTATION

This did not only make t/>e carrying of all kinds of bldg. mats. from one end of the earth to the other possible but it also has created structures unknown a few generations ago.

Automobile

has made necessary the building of garages, filling stations & bus terminal & besides rendered almost obsolete narrow roads which were designed to let only the horse and buggy pass through.

Airplane

has brought about the development of airports.

Steamships

gave importance to the erection of docks and warehouses

Railroads

made possible the erection of passenger and freight terminals

COMMERCE

Business needed a place ·in which to house its activities thus commercial buildings started to sprout at a fast phase.

EDUCATION

Mass education made possible the bldg. of schools & colleges. Not only schools & colleges were treated as seats of academic but also museums and libraries were built to cope up with education.

REHABILITATION

Labor saving devices made n possible for man to find time for leisure and the need for recreation. There is a universal interest in sports and entertainment, both by spectators and participants

Contemporary Movement: since circa 1920

Here is an architecture based upon the desire to allow function &materials to dictate form and style. If from this approach a new style is evolved, it will be as an -expression of steel and concrete - a new material interpreted in many ways.

Greek

more of the temple and theatre type of architecture.

Greek

Attention of the design was founded on the exterior to satisfy outside worship. The type of construction was the post and lintel

Roman

where the appeal of Greek architecture is spiritual, that of ___ is often pretentious.

Roman

They felt magnificent temples, palaces and baths with large span and covered with' concrete vaults. They developed the round arch and pier.

structured were exactly the opposite of the Greek architecture in the sense that their temples wererichly ornamented but less fundamental.

Romanesque

this is a church architecture period. Instead of depending upon stability imparted by sheer

mass, it employed the round arch and vault in such a manner as to give equilibrium by the adjustment of thrusts

Gothic

the activity of the _____ Age was the result of intense religious fervor - the spiritual urge which

found an outlet in the consummation of the soaring vertical quality of the cathedral.

Gothic

was a system of construction, religion and philosophy. n solving the problem of

concentrating vault thrusts, pointed arches, slender piers and flying buttresses, together with stained glass windows, were substitute for thick walls.

Renaissance

In spite of the freshness and originality which often resulted, it was nevertheless the least creative of the styles.

Greece and Italy

Classical

Italy, France, England & Germany

Romanesque

France and England

Gothic

Italy

Renaissance

17th century

based upon English traditions of timber framing. Overhanging second stories, beamed ceilings and narrow windows contributed to the informality of this period.

Colonial

The style was of a Simple, symmetrical architecture which combined refined, delicate

moldings with slender, graceful columns.

Colonial

The Renaissance movement reached the eastern colonies through the Georgian style by the

way of England.

Greek Revival

Greek forms and details were applied to all types of bldgs. Even if the result was a

structure which was pleasing to the eye, they were often quite illogical in regard to function

Greek Revival

The style was· too inflexible to permit an easy adaptation. What happened was only an architecture of facade arrangements.

Gothic Revival

They began to adapt the Gothic but were not successful in capturing the spirit of the style .So the result was rather cold & hard structure which also lacked the flexible quality of European buildings.

Victorian

This was the name given to the attempt during the 70's & 80's to bring romance through the

medium of architecture & interior decoration into the lives of those who lived during the period of industrial depression

Victorian

The architects believed that in order to give beauty to a building, it seemed necessary to load it meaningless turrets, gables & jig-saw ornaments. The result was an architecture with no structural sense and was exemplified by the so called "Eastlake" style & the Victorian Gothic.

Romanesque Revival

H.H. Richardson was responsible in introducing this style in the U.S. This architecture was marked with bold, massive details.

Renaissance Revival

This period saw the exodus of student to Paris to study architecture. The vogue then in France was ______ & so it was just so natural that structures in the U.S reflected the

_______style

St. Genevieve, Paris

A library that was designed with barrel vaults supported by exposed Iron

columns.

STEEL

The building of these brought speculation that a new building material and a new type of construction would someday revolutionize the character of architectural design.

L'ART NOUVEAU

Segan in Europe about 1900 & lasted for a few short years. it was based on a romantic theory that curved natural forms of flowers & animals were more satisfactory than a straight lines and abstract designs.

L'ART NOUVEAU

The idea did not developed into a style because it was not fundamental. Instead of function or use governing the design, as in contemporary architecture, the lines of the building were distorted to the theory of curved surfaces.

Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright

These two EARLY MODERNIST waged a war against tradition in architecture. Both sought to reveal the structural scheme of the building.

Traditional Eclectics

They work in any style of the past & their Development is only in the direction of the use

of traditional motifs. They may be Classicists - preferring formality & purity of form, or Romanticists - clinging to the picturesqueness of the medieval.

Traditional Modernists

These are those who give first consideration to the use of the building but who use the historic style as the basis for the design. The old and the new style were merged to produce an architectural style of this age

Non - Traditional Modernists

Believes in functionalism. Believed in ~form follows function - - the use of the building and the characteristics of materials should influence the appearance of the structure.

The Square Plan

this type is perhaps the simplest one but rt offers many variations in treatment in spite of its simplicity.

The Octagonal Plan

as the number of the polygon increases, its approaches the circle, The creation of the ____ as one of the first moves away from the area with 4 equal sides and angles but the ___ is one of the steps in the development of the circular plan from the square.

The Circular Plan

the isolated circular plan forms the basis for a graceful and beautiful building. Its curving wall catches the light in a brilliant or subdued manner, depending upon the material of which it is composed. The ever-changing shadows on its surface are intriguing in their elusiveness.

The rectangular Plan

there are 2 common variations of this type - the symmetrical or formal and the unsymmetrical or informal.

Combinations

planning involves the arrangement of these elements in such a manner that the activities housed in the building may function in an efficient manner and that the resulting composition may meet the demands of aesthetic design.

Vertical line

expresses the spirit" of the Gothic; it is proud and exalted; inspiration

Horizontal line

represents the horizon of the seascape; is calm and peaceful, it is repose

Diagonal lines

symbolizes the flight of geese; it is vigorous or even angry, it is action

Curve Lines

more subtle than the straight It is more graceful and sensitive.

Abstract

has no reference to any particular object, or at least at any familiar, easily recognized object

Pictorial

has less connection with arch. than With some other forms of expression. Tells a story.

Texture -

surface treatment, identified with materials, rough or Smooth, etc.

Tone

light and shade caused by openings, projections, etc.

Color

inherent or applied colors caused by spectrum hues.

Stucco

used in Various treatments to catch the sunlight is often used nor homes of Mediterranean character

Color

as distinguished from tone, results from the hues of the spectrum. -It may be inherent or as in marble which is colored by nature or it may be applied, when rt is painted or decorated by man.

Red - orange

heat stimulation, activity, richness, splendor & dignity

Pink

daintiness, gaiety, animation

Yellow, yellow - green

dryness, crispness, relaxation, warmth, light, cheer

Green - blue

coldness, spaciousness, passivity, tranquility

Violet

coolness, limpness, dullness, daintiness, reservation, femininity

Brown

warmth

Function of the Structure

is the result of arranging volumes in such a way that they are adopted to human use.