Addictive Behaviors

Norepinhrene

fight or flight ↑Heart rate ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Blood circulation ↓Pain

GABA

relaxes you, the opposite of norepinephrine.↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Alertness ↓Memory ↓Muscle tension

Dopamine

Associated with pleasure. Primary function is to reinforce learning ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Hunger

Serotonin

Regulates mood ↑Happiness ↑Fullness ↓Pain

cannabinoids

Regulates attention span ↑Hunger

Acetylcholine

stimulant, mostly associated with thinking. Body can relax while the brain starts to think. Nicotine is an example.↓Heart rate ↑Secretions (sweat, saliva) ↑Memory ↑Muscle contractions

Tolerance

metablolic (liver based) and cellular tolerance (level of neuron)

Dose response curve

Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms. this is the key to understanding the effects of a drug with as the dosages increase

Effective dose/potency.

The amount required to take in order to get the desired effect from the drug.

Lethal dose

Lethal dose is the amount of the drug that will cause harm or death

margin of safely/theraputic index

lethal dose divided by effective dose

margin of safely/theraputic index in animals

Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50

Margin of safety index in humans

therapeutic index=TD50/ED50

Risk factor

Anything that statistically increases the chances of something bad to occur

Protective factor

anything that statistically decreases the chances of something bad to occur

Whiskey Rebellion

Comes from the power to tax drugs and alcohol.-basis for taxation (first time gov taxed and regulated any sort of drug trade)

Schedule 1 drug

Most dangerous drug schedule, no medical uses. Heroin, MDMA, Weed. Quite addictive

Schedule 2 drug

Commonly abused drugs that have some medical uses but can cause dependency. Also quite addictive. Meth, Cocaine, Adderall. Can be obtained by doctor proscription

Schedule 3 drug

Moderate potential for abuse and dependance while having a good amount of medical qualities. Ketamine, Testosterone, Anabolic steroids.

Schedule 4 drug

Low potential for abuse and addiction, can be obtained through dr.. Has good medical qualities. Xanax, Valium, ambian. (Benzos)

Schedule 5 drug

Lowest likley hood for abuse and addiction, Cough suppressants Robitussian AC, Lomitil

Short term effects of alcohol abuse

Drink 1-tounge numb, drink 2, creates a spike in endorphins, more relaxation, decreases anxiety, and feels calmer., Drink 3, slower reaction time, 4-5 drinks- judgment and executive functions check out. Emotions guide you at this point. On the physical side we see loss of muscle responses (Shit faced). After this point we see vomiting and sleepiness. Easiest way to die is to fall asleep and puke then choke on your vomit and die.

Long term effects of alcohol abuse

1 drink a day is mostly safe, 2 drinks a day probably okay depending on weight, 3 drinks a day we start to see physical risks, 6-12 drinks a day is not safe, we see depression, anxiety, impaired development, sleep disorders, brain damage from spike in glutamines. (Russian men live 20 years less than us).

Type 1 risk factor

alcoholic-older onset, late adolescent/ young adult Impulsivity Anxiety Depression Managing anxiety and depression helps prevent a relapse

Type 2 risk factor

alcoholic-early onset, genetics Slow responder Better tolerance compared to their peers Boredom may cause a relapse

More risk factors

heredity - .49 roughly ⅔ of alcohol abuse is predicted by heredity. ⅓ of alcoholism is caused by the environment. School problems Older peers Abuse Anxiety and depression

More protective factors

Parental warmth and monitoring (Together)

Barbiturate

GABA agonist (Slows down brain activity, CNS)

Benzodiazepine

indirect gaba agonist-last and act longer, relatively safer Highly addictive Addresses anxiety and sleep Tend to induce seizures when in withdrawal also slows down CNS (Alcohol)

xylazine

mostly a typical drug and an animal tranquilizer. This can sometimes be mixed with fentanyl also slows down CNS

Opioids

derived from opium/lab

opiates

derived naturally

opium

very useful natural substance Opium- helps with pain, dose response curve keeps going up Opium- cough syrup Opium-decreases diarrhea

why are heroin and fentanyl so powerful and dangerous in their effects?

For starters, they are both extremely powerful and potent, they also regulate pain, pleasure, and breathing. extreemly addictive

what is the story behind oxycontin?

it was a prescription pain killer, was a time release pain killer in order to lengthen the effects of the pain killing, then many people became addicted and snorted and abused it

US model

Detox Program Halfwayhouse Adjust Not a ton of people make it this far

UK model

Medical supervision Training Counselling/jobs Complete detox

What is the value of buperhopine?

it helps decrease the need for drug use among drug users, kills their addiction and makes them easier to rehab it is usually in the form of a shot

Endorphins

pain reduction, produces euphoria

Whiskey?

Whiskey don't make liars just makes fools temporarily, i didn't mean to say it but i said it