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Norepinhrene
fight or flight ↑Heart rate ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Blood circulation ↓Pain
GABA
relaxes you, the opposite of norepinephrine.↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Alertness ↓Memory ↓Muscle tension
Dopamine
Associated with pleasure. Primary function is to reinforce learning ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Hunger
Serotonin
Regulates mood ↑Happiness ↑Fullness ↓Pain
cannabinoids
Regulates attention span ↑Hunger
Acetylcholine
stimulant, mostly associated with thinking. Body can relax while the brain starts to think. Nicotine is an example.↓Heart rate ↑Secretions (sweat, saliva) ↑Memory ↑Muscle contractions
Tolerance
metablolic (liver based) and cellular tolerance (level of neuron)
Dose response curve
Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms. this is the key to understanding the effects of a drug with as the dosages increase
Effective dose/potency.
The amount required to take in order to get the desired effect from the drug.
Lethal dose
Lethal dose is the amount of the drug that will cause harm or death
margin of safely/theraputic index
lethal dose divided by effective dose
margin of safely/theraputic index in animals
Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50
Margin of safety index in humans
therapeutic index=TD50/ED50
Risk factor
Anything that statistically increases the chances of something bad to occur
Protective factor
anything that statistically decreases the chances of something bad to occur
Whiskey Rebellion
Comes from the power to tax drugs and alcohol.-basis for taxation (first time gov taxed and regulated any sort of drug trade)
Schedule 1 drug
Most dangerous drug schedule, no medical uses. Heroin, MDMA, Weed. Quite addictive
Schedule 2 drug
Commonly abused drugs that have some medical uses but can cause dependency. Also quite addictive. Meth, Cocaine, Adderall. Can be obtained by doctor proscription
Schedule 3 drug
Moderate potential for abuse and dependance while having a good amount of medical qualities. Ketamine, Testosterone, Anabolic steroids.
Schedule 4 drug
Low potential for abuse and addiction, can be obtained through dr.. Has good medical qualities. Xanax, Valium, ambian. (Benzos)
Schedule 5 drug
Lowest likley hood for abuse and addiction, Cough suppressants Robitussian AC, Lomitil
Short term effects of alcohol abuse
Drink 1-tounge numb, drink 2, creates a spike in endorphins, more relaxation, decreases anxiety, and feels calmer., Drink 3, slower reaction time, 4-5 drinks- judgment and executive functions check out. Emotions guide you at this point. On the physical side we see loss of muscle responses (Shit faced). After this point we see vomiting and sleepiness. Easiest way to die is to fall asleep and puke then choke on your vomit and die.
Long term effects of alcohol abuse
1 drink a day is mostly safe, 2 drinks a day probably okay depending on weight, 3 drinks a day we start to see physical risks, 6-12 drinks a day is not safe, we see depression, anxiety, impaired development, sleep disorders, brain damage from spike in glutamines. (Russian men live 20 years less than us).
Type 1 risk factor
alcoholic-older onset, late adolescent/ young adult Impulsivity Anxiety Depression Managing anxiety and depression helps prevent a relapse
Type 2 risk factor
alcoholic-early onset, genetics Slow responder Better tolerance compared to their peers Boredom may cause a relapse
More risk factors
heredity - .49 roughly ⅔ of alcohol abuse is predicted by heredity. ⅓ of alcoholism is caused by the environment. School problems Older peers Abuse Anxiety and depression
More protective factors
Parental warmth and monitoring (Together)
Barbiturate
GABA agonist (Slows down brain activity, CNS)
Benzodiazepine
indirect gaba agonist-last and act longer, relatively safer Highly addictive Addresses anxiety and sleep Tend to induce seizures when in withdrawal also slows down CNS (Alcohol)
xylazine
mostly a typical drug and an animal tranquilizer. This can sometimes be mixed with fentanyl also slows down CNS
Opioids
derived from opium/lab
opiates
derived naturally
opium
very useful natural substance Opium- helps with pain, dose response curve keeps going up Opium- cough syrup Opium-decreases diarrhea
why are heroin and fentanyl so powerful and dangerous in their effects?
For starters, they are both extremely powerful and potent, they also regulate pain, pleasure, and breathing. extreemly addictive
what is the story behind oxycontin?
it was a prescription pain killer, was a time release pain killer in order to lengthen the effects of the pain killing, then many people became addicted and snorted and abused it
US model
Detox Program Halfwayhouse Adjust Not a ton of people make it this far
UK model
Medical supervision Training Counselling/jobs Complete detox
What is the value of buperhopine?
it helps decrease the need for drug use among drug users, kills their addiction and makes them easier to rehab it is usually in the form of a shot
Endorphins
pain reduction, produces euphoria
Whiskey?
Whiskey don't make liars just makes fools temporarily, i didn't mean to say it but i said it
