Independence Movements (Chapters 4-6)

George Washington

• Role: First President of the United States

Fort Necessity

• Description: A hastily constructed fort by George Washington's troops. • Significance: Site of the first battle of the French and Indian War. • Important Dates: • July 3

Gen. Braddock

• Role: British General during the French and Indian War. • Key Contributions: Led a disastrous expedition against the French at Fort Duquesne. • Important Dates: • July 9

Articles of Confederation

• Description: The first constitution of the United States. • Key Points: Established a weak central government

Alexander Hamilton

• Role: Founding Father

Whiskey Rebellion

• Description: A tax protest in the United States. • Significance: Demonstrated the power of the new federal government to suppress violent resistance to its laws. • Important Dates: • 1791-1794: Duration of the Rebellion

Thomas Jefferson

• Role: Founding Father

Farewell Address

• Author: George Washington • Key Points: Warned against political parties

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Description: Laws passed under President John Adams. • Key Points: Allowed the government to deport non-citizens deemed dangerous

John Locke

• Role: English philosopher. • Key Contributions: His ideas on natural rights and government influenced American political thought. • Key Works: "Two Treatises of Government" • Important Dates: • 1690: Publication of "Two Treatises of Government"

Emancipation

• Description: The process of freeing slaves. • Significance: Key issue leading to the Civil War

Yeoman Farmers

• Description: Independent farmers in the United States. • Significance: Represented Jefferson's ideal of an agrarian society

VA & KY Resolutions

• Authors: Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and James Madison (Virginia). • Key Points: Argued that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional. • Important Dates: • 1798-1799: Adopted by state legislatures

Lewis & Clark

• Description: Leaders of the Corps of Discovery expedition. • Key Contributions: Mapped the Louisiana Territory

LA Purchase

• Description: Acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France. • Significance: Doubled the size of the United States

Embargo Act

• Description: Law passed under President Jefferson prohibiting American ships from trading in foreign ports. • Significance: Intended to avoid war

Federalists/Democratic-Republicans

• Federalists: Advocated for a strong central government

Simon Bolivar

• Role: South American revolutionary leader. • Key Contributions: Led the liberation of several South American countries from Spanish rule. • Important Dates: • 1819: Liberation of Colombia • 1821: Liberation of Venezuela

Francisco de Miranda

• Role: Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary. • Key Contributions: Early advocate for Latin American independence

Cartagena Manifesto

• Author: Simon Bolivar • Key Points: Criticized the failures of the First Republic of Venezuela

The Liberator

• Description: Title given to Simon Bolivar for his role in liberating South American countries from Spanish rule.

Bernardo O'Higgins

• Role: Chilean independence leader. • Key Contributions: Helped secure Chilean independence from Spain. • Important Dates: • 1818: Chilean independence declared

Peninsula Wars

• Description: Conflicts involving Spain and Portugal against Napoleon's French Empire. • Significance: Weakened Spanish control over its American colonies

War of 1812

• Description: A conflict between the United States and the British Empire. • Key Causes: British restrictions on U.S. trade

Andrew Jackson

• Role: 7th President of the United States

Battle of New Orleans

• Description: Final major battle of the War of 1812. • Significance: A decisive American victory that made Andrew Jackson a national hero

Burning of Washington

• Description: British forces captured and burned Washington

James Monroe

• Role: 5th President of the United States. • Key Contributions: Oversaw the Missouri Compromise

John Quincy Adams

• Role: 6th President of the United States

Rush-Bagot Treaty

• Description: An agreement between the United States and Britain to limit naval armaments on the Great Lakes. • Significance: Helped de-escalate tensions and laid the groundwork for peaceful U.S.-Canada relations. • Important Dates: • 1817: Treaty signed

Adams-Onis Treaty

• Description: Agreement between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the United States and defined the boundary between the U.S. and Spanish territories. • Significance: Expanded U.S. territory and settled longstanding border disputes. • Important Dates: • 1819: Treaty signed

Seminoles

• Description: A Native American tribe in Florida. • Significance: Engaged in conflicts with the U.S. known as the Seminole Wars

Monroe Doctrine

• Description: A policy declared by President Monroe warning European powers against further colonization and interference in the Americas. • Significance: Asserted U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere and became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. • Important Dates: • 1823: Doctrine announced

Cuba

• Context in Chapter 4: Focus on its strategic importance and early 19th-century independence movements. • Significance: Considered important for U.S. interests in the Caribbean

various independence efforts influenced by the broader Latin American movements.

Panama Conference 1826

• Description: A congress organized by Simón Bolívar to promote unity and cooperation among the newly independent Latin American states. • Significance: An early effort at regional diplomacy in the Americas

Social Impact

• Description: Changes in societal structure and daily life as a result of independence movements. • Key Points: Shifts in class structure

Political Impact

• Description: Changes in governance and political structures post-independence. • Key Points: Formation of new governments

Economic Impact

• Description: Economic changes resulting from independence. • Key Points: Shifts from colonial economies to independent ones

Slavery

• Description: The practice of forced labor that was prevalent in the Americas. • Key Points: Gradual abolition in many areas post-independence

Manumission Laws

• Description: Laws allowing the freeing of slaves by their owners. • Key Points: Varied by state and country

Northwest Ordinance

• Description: Legislation that provided governance for the Northwest Territory and a method for admitting new states. • Significance: Prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

Species (Specie Circular)

• Description: An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring payment for government land to be in gold and silver. • Significance: Contributed to the Panic of 1837 by devaluing paper money. • Important Dates: • 1836: Issued

Protective Tariff

• Description: A tariff imposed to protect domestic industries by taxing imports. • Significance: Promoted American manufacturing

Newburgh Conspiracy

• Description: A potential military coup by the Continental Army due to frustrations over unpaid wages and pensions. • Significance: Averted by George Washington's intervention

Shay's Rebellion

• Description: An armed uprising by Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices and high taxes. • Significance: Exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger federal government. • Important Dates: • 1786-1787: Duration of the Rebellion

Articles of Confederation

• Description: The first constitution of the United States. • Key Points: Established a weak central government

Constitution

• Description: The supreme law of the United States that replaced the Articles of Confederation. • Key Points: Created a stronger federal government with three branches

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

• Federalists: Supported the ratification of the Constitution and a strong central government. • Anti-Federalists: Opposed the Constitution

Great Compromise

• Description: An agreement made during the Constitutional Convention that established a two-house legislature. • Significance: Combined elements of the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan

Creole Dominance

• Description: The control of political and economic power by people of European descent born in the Americas (Creoles). • Significance: Influential in Latin American independence movements

Republicanism

• Description: A political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. • Key Points: Emphasized liberty

Conservative/Liberal

• Conservative: Advocates for maintaining traditional institutions and values. • Liberal: Supports reforms

Liberal Constitutionalism

• Description: A political philosophy advocating for a government limited by law

Caudillismo/Caudillos

• Caudillismo: A system of political-social domination by strongmen (caudillos) who typically controlled a region through personal power. • Caudillos: Military or political leaders who wielded significant personal power

Texas Independence

• Description: The successful secession of Texas from Mexico

Mexican-American War

• Description: A war between the United States and Mexico following the U.S. annexation of Texas. • Significance: Resulted in significant territorial gains for the United States

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• Description: The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. • Significance: Mexico ceded large territories (including California and New Mexico) to the United States

United Provinces of Central America

• Description: A short-lived federation of Central American states. • Significance: Attempted to unify the region post-independence from Spain but dissolved due to internal conflicts. • Important Dates: • 1823-1838: Duration

Pedro I

• Role: First Emperor of Brazil. • Significance: Declared Brazil's independence from Portugal and established the Brazilian Empire. • Important Dates: • 1822: Declared independence • 1822-1831: Reign as Emperor

Pedro II

• Role: Second and last Emperor of Brazil. • Significance: Oversaw a period of economic growth and political stability