Campbell Unit 7: Animal Form and Function

Anatomy

Anatomy

Biological structure

Physiology

Biological function

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid that fills spaces between cells

Epithelial Tissues/Epithelia

Sheets of cells that cover the outside of the body, acting as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multilayered, regenerates rapidly, for surfaces subject to abrasion

Cuboidal Epithelium

Disk shaped cells for secretion

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Large, brick shaped cells for secretion or active absorption

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of plate like cells, function in exchange of material via diffusion

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of cells varying in height and position of nuclei

Connective Tissue

Sparse population cells scattered through extracellular matrix (web of fibers in liquid, jelly, or solid), holds tissues and organs together in one place

Fibroblasts

Cells within the matrix, secrete fiber proteins

Macrophages

Engulf foreign particles and debris by phagocytosis

Collagenous Fibers

Provide strength and flexibility

Reticular Fibers

Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Elastic Fibers

Make tissue elastic

Loose Connective Tissue

Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense with collagenous fibers, found in tendons and ligaments

Bone

Mineralized connective tissue

Adipose Tissue

Specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in its cells

Cartilage

Has collagenous fibers embedded in rubbery chondroitin sulfate (protein carbohydrate complex)

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for almost all types of body movement

Skeletal Muscle/Striated Muscle

Responsible for voluntary movements

Smooth Muscle

Lacks striations, responsible for involuntary body activities

Cardiac Muscle

Forms contractile walls of heart, branched fibers interconnect via intercalated disks, relaying signals from cell to cell for heart contraction

Nervous Tissue

Receipt, processing, and transmission of info.

Neurons

Nerve cells, transmit nerve impulses

Glial Cells/Glia

Support cells

Regulator

Animal that uses internal mechanisms to control change (body temp) during external fluctuation

Conformer

Allows internal condition to change with external changes

Homeostasis

Maintenance of internal balance

Set Point

Value that control system tries to keep values

Stimulus

Fluctuation in variable

Sensor

Detects fluctuations and signals a control center

Response

Triggered by sensor

Negative Feedback

Tries to reduce stimulus to maintain homeostasis

Positive Feedback

Amplifies stimulus, helps finish processes

Thermoregulation

Process animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range

Endothermic

Warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism

Ectothermic

Gain most of heat from external sources

Poikilotherm

Animal whose body temp varies

Homeotherm

Animal with relatively consistent body temp

Radiation

Emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than 0

Evaporation

Removal of heat from surface of liquid which is losing some of its molecules as gas

Convection

Transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface

Conduction

Transfer of heat between objects in contact

Integumentary System

Outer covering of body (skin, hair, nails)

Vasodilation

Widening of superficial (near surface) blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat transfer

Vasoconstriction

Decrease diameter of superficial vessels to reduce blood flow and heat transfer

Countercurrent Exchange

Transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions

Thermogenesis

Endotherms vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss

Hypothalamus

Brain region with sensors for thermoregulation, also controls circadian clock

Metabolic Rate

Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given interval, measured in J, cal, or kcal

Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Rate of nongrowing endotherm at rest with an empty stomach not under stress

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

Rate of fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest

Torpor

State of decreased activity and metabolism

Hibernation:

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down a compound by reacting it with water.

Lipase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.

Fatty acids

Organic molecules that are the building blocks of fats.

Monoglyceride

A molecule composed of glycerol and a single fatty acid.

Epithelial cells

Cells that line the surfaces of organs and body cavities.

Triglycerides

A type of fat molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Chylomicrons

Triglycerides coated in phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.

Lacteal

A vessel at the core of each villus in the small intestine.

Lymphatic system

A network of vessels filled with lymph, a clear fluid.

Lymph

The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.

Large Intestine

The part of the alimentary canal where the colon, cecum, and rectum are located.

Colon

The part of the large intestine that leads to the rectum and anus.

Cecum

A pouch-like structure that ferments ingested material.

Appendix

A finger-shaped extension of the cecum that acts as a reservoir for symbiotic microorganisms.

Feces

The waste material of the digestive system.

Rectum

The part of the large intestine where feces are stored before elimination.

Sphincters

Rings of muscle that separate the rectum and anus, with the inner one being involuntary and the outer one voluntary.

Acid reflux

A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

Microbiome

The collection of microorganisms living in and on the body.

Evolutionary adaptations

Changes in the structure or function of an organism's body that improve its ability to survive and reproduce.

Herbivores

Animals that primarily eat plants.

Carnivores

Animals that primarily eat other animals.

Fermentation chambers

Specialized compartments in the digestive system of herbivores where cellulose is digested by symbiotic microorganisms.

Alimentary canal

The long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and is involved in the digestion and absorption of food.

Glucose homeostasis

The maintenance of stable blood glucose levels.

Insulin

A hormone that decreases blood glucose concentration by promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells.

Glucagon

A hormone that increases blood glucose concentration by releasing glucose from energy stores.

Pancreatic islets

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.

Diabetes Mellitus

A condition caused by a deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissues.

Ghrelin

A hormone that triggers hunger and is secreted by the stomach wall.

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that suppresses appetite.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals.

Fat

A storage form of energy in the body.

Obesity

A condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat.

Cardiovascular system

The system consisting of the heart and blood vessels in vertebrates.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to organs.

Arterioles

Small branches of arteries within organs.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels with thin walls that facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from organs.

Atria

Chambers of the heart that receive blood entering the heart.

Ventricles

Chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart.

Single circulation

A type of circulation where blood travels through the body in a single cycle before returning to its starting point.

Double circulation

A type of circulation where there are two circuits of blood flow, with both pumps combined in the heart.

Pulmonary circuit

The circuit in the double circulation system that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.