Industrialization and Progressive Movement

What was the impact of child labor during urbanization?

Children worked long hours in unsafe conditions, especially in factories and mines, leading to the creation of child labor laws.

How did urbanization contribute to pollution?

The rise of factories and transportation caused severe air and water pollution in cities.

What were political machines, and how did they influence cities?

Political machines, like Tammany Hall, controlled local governments through corrupt practices, offering services in exchange for votes.

How did the meat industry contribute to urbanization?

The meatpacking industry became a massive business, leading to unsanitary working conditions, which were exposed by reformers like Upton Sinclair.

What were tenement houses like in urban areas?

Overcrowded, unsanitary, poorly constructed housing where many working-class and immigrant families lived.

What are push and pull factors for immigration?

Push factors include poverty, persecution, and lack of opportunity; pull factors include better job prospects, political freedom, and religious tolerance.

What is the difference between old and new immigration?

Old immigration refers to arrivals from Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany), while new immigration refers to those from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia).

What were Ellis and Angel Islands?

Ellis Island was a major entry point for European immigrants on the East Coast, while Angel Island processed many Chinese immigrants on the West Coast.

What is nativism?

Nativism is the belief that native-born Americans are superior to immigrants, often leading to discrimination.

What does the "Melting Pot" theory refer to?

The idea that immigrants would assimilate into American culture and form a homogenous society.

What is the "Salad Bowl" theory?

A more inclusive idea that immigrants maintain their cultural identities while contributing to American society.

Who was Samuel Gompers?

Leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which focused on improving working conditions and wages through collective bargaining.

What was the goal of the Knights of Labor?

The Knights of Labor sought to unite all workers, including women and African Americans, for better conditions, an 8-hour workday, and an end to child labor.

What was the Industrial Workers of the World?

A radical labor union that sought to unite all workers to overthrow capitalism and promote socialism.

What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) focus on?

The AFL focused on skilled workers and aimed for higher wages, better working conditions, and shorter hours through strikes.

What was the Lawrence Textile Strike (1912)?

Workers, mostly women and children, went on strike for better wages and conditions. The government eventually intervened, drawing national attention.

What was the Great Railway Strike of 1877?

A nationwide strike by railroad workers protesting wage cuts, which led to federal intervention and the use of military force.

What was the Homestead Strike (1892)?

Steelworkers protested wage cuts at Carnegie’s steel plant, leading to a violent clash with private security and state militias.

What was the Haymarket Strike (1886)?

A peaceful rally for an 8-hour workday that turned violent after a bomb exploded, leading to a crackdown on labor unions.

What was the Pullman Strike (1894)?

Workers at the Pullman Company went on strike over wage cuts and high rents, leading to federal intervention and the arrest of Eugene V. Debs.

Who were muckrakers?

Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate abuses during the Progressive Era.

What did Ida Tarbell expose?

Ida Tarbell exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company.

What role did Thomas Nast play in the Progressive Era?

A political cartoonist who exposed political corruption, particularly targeting Tammany Hall.

What was the significance of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle?

It exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to reforms like the Pure Food and Drug Act.

What did Lincoln Steffens expose in The Shame of the Cities?

Political corruption in city governments.

What did Jacob Riis do to highlight urban poverty?

He used photography and writing, particularly in How the Other Half Lives, to expose poor living conditions in tenements.

What was Jane Addams' contribution to the Progressive Movement?

Founded Hull House, a settlement house offering social services and education to immigrants and the poor.

What was the goal of the Women's Suffrage Movement?

To gain the right to vote for women, culminating in the 19th Amendment (1920).

What did the Women’s Trade Union League advocate for?

Improved working conditions and labor rights for women.

What was the Temperance Movement?

A movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption, leading to Prohibition (18th Amendment).

What was the Birth Control Movement?

Advocates like Margaret Sanger pushed for women’s access to birth control to improve health and independence.

What was the National Consumers League?

It advocated for safer working conditions and fair wages for women and children in the workplace.

How did women support the rights of African Americans during the Progressive Era?

Women like Ida B. Wells fought against racial discrimination and lynching.

What was the Jim Crow Era?

A period of legal segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.

What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

The Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

What was Booker T. Washington’s approach to African American progress?

He advocated for vocational training and economic self-sufficiency for African Americans.

What was W.E.B. DuBois' approach to racial equality?

DuBois called for immediate equality and higher education for African Americans, co-founding the NAACP.

What was Roosevelt's Square Deal?

A domestic program focused on balancing the needs of business, labor, and consumers through conservation, regulation, and protection.

What was Roosevelt's role as a trustbuster?

Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies and promote fair competition.

How did Roosevelt regulate big business?

He used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies and ensure fair competition.

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)?

It mandated sanitary conditions in food production and required accurate labeling of food and drugs.

What was the Tenement House Act?

It imposed regulations on housing construction to improve the living conditions in tenements.

What was the Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906)?

It established sanitary standards for meatpacking plants and required federal inspections.

What was the National Parks Service?

Roosevelt expanded national parks and created wildlife refuges to preserve natural resources.

What happened during the Election of 1912?

Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate under the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party, splitting the Republican vote and leading to Woodrow Wilson's victory.

What was the significance of Taft’s Presidency?

Taft's presidency caused a split in the Republican Party due to his more conservative policies, leading to Roosevelt’s run as a third-party candidate.

What did the Underwood-Simmons Act accomplish?

It lowered tariffs and introduced the first federal income tax under the 16th Amendment.

What was the Federal Reserve Act?

It created the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking industry and stabilize the economy.

What was the Clayton Antitrust Act?

It strengthened antitrust laws to prevent monopolies and protect workers’ rights.

What did the 16th and 17th Amendments do?

The 16th Amendment allowed for the federal income tax; the 17th Amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

What were the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall?

Progressive reforms that gave citizens more control over government through the ability to propose, approve, or remove laws and politicians.