ISA PA KADUGTONG INORG

Chemical bond

Strong attractive force that exist between atoms in a molecule

Valence electrons

Are those in our the most okay by gel which involved in chemical bonding

Gn lewis

Suggested a simple way of showing the valence electrons in an atom and tracking them during bond formation

Lewis symbol

For an element consists of the elements chemical symbol plus a dot for each valence electron

Octet rule

Atoms tend to gain lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

Octet of electrons

Consists of full s&p subshells in an atom

4

An act that is shown as _______ pairs of valence electron arranged around the element symbol

Ionic bond

Bond between oppositely charged ions

Ions

Are formed from atoms by transfer of one or more electrons

Attraction between ions of opposite charge

The principal reason ionic compounds are stable is the

Attraction of ionic bonding

Draws the ions together releasing energy and causing the ions to form a solid array or lattice

In forming ions

Transition metals lose the village shell s electrons first then as many the electrons as required to reach the charge of the ion

Covalent bond

Bond formed between two or more atoms by a sharing of electrons

Lone pairs

What do we call to any unshared electron pairs

Single bond

Shared electron pair constitutes a single covalent bond

Double bond

Two electron pairs are shared by two atoms two lines are drawn in the lewis structure

Triple bond

Corresponds to the sharing of three pairs of electrons

Lewis structure

A very simplified representation of the villain shell electrons in a molecule

Lewis structure

It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule

Dots

Electrons are shown as _______ or for bonding electrons as a line between the two atoms

Lewis structure

The goal is to obtain the best electron configuration the octet rule and formal charges needed to be satisfied

Sum

right

complete

place

if they

What are the step by step of drawing lewis structure

Resonance structure

Placement of the atoms in this two alternative but completely equivalent lewis structure is the same but the placement of the electrons is different

Odd

Molecules and polyatomic ions containing an ________number of electrons

Intermolecular forces

The forces which mediate interaction between molecules including force of attraction or repulsion which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles atoms or ions

Intermolecular forces

Are weak relative to intramolecular forces

Intramolecular forces

The forces which hold a molecule together

Intramolecular forces

The forces that hold atoms together within a molecule

Intermolecular forces

Forces that exist between molecules

Ionic bond

Formed by the complete transfer of valence electron between atoms

Ionic bond

It is type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions

Covalent bond

Formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities

Electronegativities

The affinity or desire for electrons

Affinity

Because both atoms have similar ______________ for electrons and neither has tendency to donate them they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable

Nonpolar covalent bond

Form between same atoms or atoms with very similar electronegativities the difference in electronegativity between bond and atoms is less than 0.5

Polar covalent bond

Formed when atoms of slightly different electronegativities share the electrons

Polar covalent bond

The difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms is between 0.5 and 1.7

Metallic bond

Strong electrostatic force of attraction between metal cations atoms and delocalized electrons in the metallic glasses of a metal substance like the elements in the groupon and group 2 of the periodic table

Metallic bond

This type of bonding only exist in metallic substances

Increases

As the church density increases the strength of the metallic substance

Positively charged atoms of the metal and mobile valence electrons

Metallic bond

The strongest relative strength

Ionic bond

Second to the strongest relative strength

Polar covalent bond

Third to the strongest relative strength

Nonpolar covalent bond

The weakest relative strength

Hydrogen bonding

Strongest ifa

Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen + electronegative atoms

Hydrogen bonding

Accounts for unusual properties of water

Ion dipole

Polar molecules attracted positive and negative charges

Ion dipole

Salt dissolve in polar solvent

Ion induced dipole

Attractive forces induced by closed proximity of charged ion to non polar molecules

Van der waals intermolecular forces

Attractive forces created by molecules polarizability and are exerted when to charge atoms approach very closely

Dipole dipole

Polar + polar

Dipole induced dipole

Polar + nonpolar

Induced dipole induced dipole

Nonpolar + nonpolar

Dipole dipole

Alignment or orientation

Dipole induced dipole

Deybye or induction

Indus dipole induced dipole

London or dispersion

Dipole dipole

Water - water = alcohol

Dipole induced dipole

Water - benzene

Indus dipole induced dipole

Benzene - benzene benzene - hexane

Induced dipole induced dipole

Weaker ifa are also known as most short live

Chemical kinetic

Disappear with the mechanism by which a chemical process gets to its final state from its initial state and the rate in which this reaction proceeds

Chemical kinetics

Study of reaction rates and mechanism or steps sequence under which reactions occur

Chemical kinetics

The rate of a reaction is the amount of chemical change which takes place in a given interval of time

Chemical kinetics

It is measured in terms of products formed the per unit time at a given temperature

Chemical kinetics

It didn't measured in terms of disappearance of reactants per unit at a given temperature

Chemical kinetics

Few chemical reactions occur in a single step

Reaction mechanism

Usually one or more intermediate products which form and step y sequence of reaction is known as the

Reaction rates

Are of great importance

The feasibility of a chemical reaction particularly a commercial chemical process

Often depends on the reaction rate

Too slow

If the process is _____________ it may not be suitable for commercial exploitation

Chemical kinetics

Study of rate of chemical change

Chemical kinetics

The way this way is influenced by factors

Rates of reaction

Amount of chemical change by which takes place in a given interval of time

Rates of reaction

Measured in terms of products formed or lost per unit time at a given temperature

Rates of reaction

Few chemical reaction occur in a single step

Rate of reaction

They're usually one or more intermediate products

Reversible reaction

Shifts back to its original

Simultaneous

Involves reactants and intermediate and final products

Consecutive

Step by step

Chemical change

Takes place as a result of collision of molecules

Collision

A chemical change takes place as a result of ___________ molecules

Collision concentration reaction

The greater the number of _____________ per unit time the greater the ________________ of initial substance into products or unit of time that is the greater the speed of ____________

False

all collision of molecules necessarily result in chemical change, true or false?

Molecular collision theory

Conditions of the theory to occur

Minimum energy or activation energy

Only molecules with necessary activation energy will undergo reaction

Activation energy

Minimum energy activation energy only molecules with the necessary __________________ will undergo reaction

Molecular collision theory

Favorable in making and breaking chemical bonds

Nature of the reacting substance

Substances different activity and hands in the speed with which they react with other substances

Temperature

The speed of a chemical changes approximately double or triple for every 10 degree rise in temperature regalous whether exothermic and endothermic

Catalysts

A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being used in the reaction

Catalysts

May not be recovered or unchanged at a conclusion of the process

+ -

Accelerators (___) inhibitors (___)

Concentration

When of ________________ a reactant is increased the more molecules are crowded into a given volume and the total number of molecular collisions per unit time increased concentration

^⌄^

____ Surface area = _____ particle size = _____ reaction rate

Law of mass action

States that the speed of a chemical change is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substance

Chemical reaction

Entails removal of valence electron adding electrons to apparently field volume shell or sharing a pair of electrons between atoms

Irreversible reaction

One way path

Reversible reaction

May lead to equilibrium