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40 Terms
1
Why do psychologists study the history of psychology?
To understand the development of psychological concepts, methods, and the cultural context behind them.
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2
What is the concept that refers to the methods and philosophical issues of historical research?
Historicism.
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3
What are some limitations of historical data?
Incomplete records, bias in accounts, and varying interpretations of events.
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4
How are zeitgeist and naturalistic theory related?
Both consider the influence of cultural and social factors on scientific ideas and developments.
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5
Compare zeitgeist and naturalistic theory.
Zeitgeist emphasizes the prevailing cultural and intellectual spirit of the time, while naturalistic theory focuses on how these influences contribute to scientific progress.
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6
What are some examples of evidence for the naturalistic and personalistic theory?
Naturalistic: Technological advancements like the mechanical clock; Personalistic: Contributions of key figures like Freud or Wundt.
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7
How does Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions apply to the study of history?
It suggests that science progresses through paradigm shifts, changing fundamentally how disciplines are viewed.
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8
What is the cycle of scientific revolution according to Kuhn?
Normal science, crisis, revolution, and new normal science.
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9
How does the Hegelian Dialectical Model describe the development of ideas in psychology?
Through a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
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10
Why was the mechanical clock influential in spreading the idea of a mechanical universe?
It provided a tangible representation of regularity and predictability in nature.
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11
What were Rene Descartes' contributions to the mind-body problem?
He proposed dualism, suggesting the mind and body are separate but interact.
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12
Compare and contrast Descartes' innate and derived ideas.
Innate ideas are inherent and not derived from experience, while derived ideas come from sensory experiences.
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13
Compare and contrast John Stuart Mill to his father James Mill.
John Stuart Mill advocated for a more qualitative approach to experiences, while James Mill stressed a purely quantitative and mechanistic perspective.
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14
Review the contributions of John Locke.
He proposed the idea of the mind as a 'tabula rasa' or blank slate, emphasizing experience as the source of knowledge.
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15
Review the contributions of James Mill.
He focused on associationism, arguing that complex ideas arise from simple ones.
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16
Review the contributions of John Stuart Mill.
He developed the method of difference and advocated for the importance of qualitative differences in experiences.
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17
Review the contributions of George Berkeley.
He argued that perception is reality and that material objects exist only as perceptions.
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18
How did Charles Babbage influence the zeitgeist of the mechanical universe?
His work on the analytical engine contributed to the concept of a mechanistic view of human thought processes.
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19
What was the personal equation studied by Bessel?
It referred to the systematic error in astronomical observations due to the observer’s reaction time.
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20
What were the three methods of studying the brain used by early physiologists?
Lesion studies, electrical stimulation, and observation of cases.
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21
What evidence showed that phrenology could not predict behavior?
The lack of consistent evidence correlating skull shapes with personality traits and abilities.
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22
What was the neuron doctrine?
The principle that the neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
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23
How did the neuron doctrine contribute to the zeitgeist of the time period?
It supported the idea that complex behaviors could be understood through the study of individual neurons.
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24
What type of relationship exists between physical and perceived stimulus intensity?
A logarithmic relationship as described by the Weber-Fechner law.
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25
Why were psychophysics important to psychology as a science?
They provided empirical methods to measure and quantify psychological phenomena.
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26
What did research on Just Noticeable Difference reveal?
It showed that the detectable change in a stimulus is proportionate to the original intensity of the stimulus.
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27
Why was Germany the center of the development of psychology as a science?
Germany had a strong tradition of empirical research and philosophy that influenced psychological thought.
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28
What were Fechner’s methods of psychophysics?
Methods of limits, methods of right and wrong cases, and method of constant stimuli.
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29
What were some of the first quantitative methods applied to measure perception?
The measurement of thresholds and Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) in stimuli.
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30
What did Helmholtz contribute to the study of perception and human anatomy?
He advanced understanding of sensory perception, particularly vision and hearing.
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31
What measurement of mental activity did Helmholtz demonstrate was possible?
The speed of neural impulses.
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32
What did members of the Berlin Physics Society pledge?
To promote and uphold scientific principles in their work.
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33
What is the difference between a founder and originator regarding new schools of thought?
A founder establishes a school; an originator provides initial ideas or concepts that may not lead to a formal school.
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34
Describe Wundt’s methods of introspection.
Controlled self-observation where subjects report their conscious experiences under experimental conditions.
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35
How did Wundt’s method of introspection differ from traditional philosophical uses?
Wundt's was more systematic and experimental while traditional methods were often speculative.
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36
How did Wundt’s method of introspection differ from some of his students?
His students sometimes prioritized quantitative measurements over introspective reports.
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37
What did Wundt learn from his experiments on Bessel’s personal equation?
He learned about the variability in human perception and reaction times.
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38
What type of data did Wundt prefer to collect in his experimental lab?
Objective measurements of conscious experience.
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39
How did Wundt approach the dialectical problem of reductionism versus holism?
He sought a balance, advocating for the understanding of psychological phenomena at both micro and macro levels.
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40
What school of thought were the psychologists influenced by Wundt’s principle of apperception?