ULTRASOUND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY, MOCK TEST #3 CCI RCS- Ultrasound

Bradycardia

slow heartbeat with ventricular contractions less than 60 bpm

Trachycardia

rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm

Splenectomy

removal of the spleen

Gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and small intestines

Hysterectomy

removal of the uterus

Hemostasis

the control of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means

Ipsilateral

pertaining to the same side

Polydactyly

condition of more than 5 fingers or toes on each hand or foot

Syndactyly

condition of joining the fingers or toes, giving them a webbed appearance

Subcutaneous

pertaining to under, below the skin

Atrophy

condition of no development

Dysphagia

difficulty with swallowing that may be due to an obstruction (tumor) or a motor disorder (spasm)

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder, may be acute or chronic

Choledocholithiasis

presence of stones in the CBD

Cholelithiasis

presence of stones ( calculi) in the gallbladder, characterized by RUQ pain (biliary colic) with nausea and vomiting

Leiomyoma

smooth muscle tumor that may occur in the digestive tract

Cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Colostomy

surgical redirection of the bowel to the stoma, an artificial opening on the abdominal wall

Lithotripsy

process of crushing stones either to prevent or clear and obstruction in the urinary system

Gastroesophageal

pertaining to the stomach and esophagus

Atresia

condition of no opening

Dysuria

condition of painful urination

Polyuria

condition of excessive urination

Glomerulonephritis (GN)

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production and edema

Pyelonephritis

infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney, usually the result of lower UTI

Hematuria

blood in the urine

Nephrolithiasis

stones present in the kidneys, Kidney stones

Spermatogenesis

the formation of sperm

Epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis, usually as a result of an ascending infection through the genitourinary (GU) tract

Prostatectomy

removal of the prostate

Postpartum

after delivery

Pyosalpinx

condition of pus in a fallopian tube

Hematosalpinx

condition of blood in a fallopian tube, usually caused by a tubal pregnancy

Amernorrhea

lack of menstrual flow

this is normal before puberty, after menopause, and during pregnancy

Dysmenorrhea

painful menstrual flow, cramps

Polymenorrhea

abnormal frequent menstrual flow

Angioplasty

Reconstruction of blood vessels damaged by disease or injury, often performed by inflating a balloon within a vessel at the site of narrowing to restore blood flow

Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of either deep veins ( deep veins thrombosis or DVT) or superficial veins (superficial vein thrombosis or SVT) with the formation of 1 or more clots

Hemangioma

noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels.

maybe congenital (stork bite) or may develop later in life

Phlebotomy

the opening of a vein to withdraw a blood sample, also called venipuncture

Pericarditis

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

Transmyocardial

pertaining to through the heart muscle

Valvuloplasty

repair of a stenosed heart valve with the use of a balloon-tipped catheter

Pericardiocentesis

aspiration of fluid from the pericardium to treat cardiac tamponade

Cardiomyopathy

progressive disorder of the ventricles of the heart

Neuralgia

nerve pain

Polyneuritis

inflammation of the several peripheral nerves

Quadriplegia

paralysis of the arms, legs and trunk

Meningioma

slow growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges.

Although benign, may cause problems because of their size and location

Encephalitis

inflammation of the brain, most frequently caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito

Hemiparesis

Muscular weakness or slight paralysis on the left or right side of the body

Neuroma

benign tumor of the nerves

Anorexia

prolonged refusal to eat adequate amounts of food and an altered perception of what constitutes a normal minimum body weight caused by an intense fear of becoming obese. Primarily affects adolescent females, emaciation and amenorrhea result

Pyromania

an obsessive desire to set fire to things

Anarchism

belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

Thoracic

pertaining to the chest

Cardiopulmonary

pertaining to the heart and lungs

Hypogastric

inferior to the umbilical region, below the stomach, a region of the abdomen

Cryptorchidism

condition in which the testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth

Psychosis

A mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality

Nephroma

A tumor arising from renal tissue

Dysrhythmia

another general term for an arrhythmia,

is an abnormal heart rhythm that compromising an individuals cardiovascular functioning by pumping too much or too little blood during that segment of the cardiac cycle

Mutation

a natural process that changes a DNA sequence

Hypovolemia

A condition in which the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is too low

Oligohydramnios

condition of low or missing amniotic fluid

condition that can develop during pregnancy.

Somnambulism

sleep walking, The act of getting up and walking around while asleep.

Perivesical

pertaining to surrounding the bladder

Parasinal

pertaining to near the sinus

Paresthesia

Feeling of prickling, burning, or numbness

Polyhydramnios

condition of excessive amniotic fluid

Hysterosalpingography

X-ray procedure in which contrast mediums used to image the uterus and fallopian tubes

Lymphatic

pertaining to the lymph

Thrombocytopenia

deficiency of platelets that causes an inability of the blood to clot. The most common cause of bleeding disorders

Lymphedema

Accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels

Arteriosclerosis

disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of atheromas

medical imaging

is the process of creating visual representation of the interior of the body for diagnosis and clinical analysis (in RT case)

Medical imaging uses what two forms for diagnostics?

1. Ionizing (x-rays and radioactive material) & 2. Non-ionizing (sound and radio waves)

ionizing radiation

includes x-rays and radioactive material (CT, PET)

non-ionizing radiation

includes radio waves (MRI) and sound waves (ultrasound)

imaging process

1- a radiation source is generated and directed to interact with an anatomical feature

2- the source can be manipulated to optimize the signal that will generate the image

3- radiation interacts with the body (matter) in a fundamental physical process

4- interaction produces a change in the radiation pattern which may contain the clinical info that will aid in the diagnosis

5- radiation is then collected by a radiation detector (ie. x-ray film)

6- signal is processed and converted into an image for viewing

Radiation Source-->Clinical Signal-->Image Processing

What are four modalities of radiation?

1- radiology (x-rays)

2-Nuclear Medicine

3- MRI

4- Ultrasonography

Types of Radiology (external source)

1-Projection- static (anatomical)

2-Fluoroscopy- dynamic (anatomical)

3-CT (computer tomography)- anatomical- 3D

Types of Nuclear Medicine (internal source)

1- Scintillation- static (anatomical/functional)

2- 3D SPECT- static (functional)

3- PET- static (functional)

*use radioactive material*

X-rays

-high energy electromagnetic waves/particles

-interact at the atomic level with the nucleus & electrons

-image is generated by absorption & scatter with anatomical structures

ionizing radiation

Fluoroscopy

-uses the same as an x-ray, but a different "movie-like" camera as a detector

-looks at images as a function of time with contrast material

contrast

-artificially changes the absorption of the radiation in the body

-can be injected into the area and in real time images can be produced and observed as the contrast disperses/flows

Computed Tomography (CT)

-produces multiple x-ray images

-looks at ELECTRON concentration

Nuclear Medicine

-uses radiation (gamma rays) emitted from radioactive material in the patient= radioactive Pt.

-clinical information is obtained from the localization of RAM with anatomical structures of interest

-provides both anatomical and functional info.

-detector= Gamma Camera

(ie. bone scan, PET scan)

PET scan

(positron emission tomography)

-transverse imaging

-looks at metabolism through glucose

- GLUCOSE concentration

image fusion

Where two modalities are combined together (with computer techniques) to allow us to take the best of both and combine into one image

extremely important in RT treatment planning and accurate radiation dosing

Ultrasonography

-3D- static and dynamic (anatomical)

-uses high frequency mechanical vibrations (sound) to provide a signal

-the signal is generated by changes in the acoustical properties of matter

-allows technician to look and image simultaneously

-good real time imaging modality b/c it is non-ionizing

MRI

(magnet resonance imaging)

-3D- static (anatomical/functional)

-uses magnetic properties of the nucleus (proton) and the interaction in a radio frequency field to generate a signal

-magnet interacts with radio waves

-anatomical information

-PROTON concentration

What are some factors for comparison of modalities?

1- clinical goal (diagnosis & progression)

2- Costs (monetary & biological)

3- patient preparation and compliance

4- logistics/exam time

5- equipment availability

static imaging

a diagnostic image that is fixed or frozen in time

dynamic imaging

aka real time imaging

functional (physiological) imaging

technique of detecting or measuring changes in metabolism, blood flow, or chemical composition and absorption

PET, CT, SPECT

ultrasound systems in use today use ____________________ method

pulse-echo

pulse echo method steps

ultrasound generation

prop of sound beam

reflection of sound within tissue

reception of reflected echo

displayed as an image

____________________ is responsible for generating voltages that energize the transducer elements

beam former

______________ is responsible for determining the PRF, coding, frequency, and intensity

beam former