Aeneid Virgil Lit Crit

Tempus erat uo prima quies mortalinus aegris

incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit

siblance and i-assonance

sleepy sounds reflects peace and calm- fatigue of Troy, peaceful time

prima quies mortalibus aegris

Chiasmus emphatic placement reminder of inferiority of mortals from Gods, fallibility + inferioty

incipiet et dono divum gratissima serpit

word choice

sinister, snakes

Laocoon reminder

incipiet et dono divum gratissima serpit

superlative

siblance

Laocoon's serpentine encounter something bad will happen

incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit

d alliteration lulling sets up irony last gift they will get contrast to mortalibus

in somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector

emphatic placement of Hector and in somnis anticipation of who is in dreams- gods what is to come- suspense

what was Hector to Troy

one of Troy's greatest hopes a son of Priam

in somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector

pathos, tradedy and anguish of Troy's dead hope

in somnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector visus adesse mihi largosque effundere fletus

siblance tears are a contrast

visus adesse mihi largosque effundere fletuss

emphatic placement

see it with Aeneas bewilderment

visus adesse mihi largosque effundere fletus

enclosing word order

overcome with tears, emotional shell of hector

raptatus bigis ut quondam, aterque cruento

pulvere perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis

emphatic placement raptatus traiectus

harsh and graphic scene

contrast to 268-269 which was tradey and pathos

raptatus bigis ut quondam, aterque cruento

pulvere perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis

t and plosive alliteration

harsh painful demise reflective of bumping of coprse while dragged along the ground

pulvere perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis

tumentis emphatic placement enclosing word order from pedes to tumentis

pictorial pierced feet, was he still alive? gruesome evokes pathos

effect if this gory image of Troy

Graphic and gruesome image of Hector who was once Troy's hope- tragedy foreshadowed- no more hope

ei mihi, quallis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo

pithy phrases

immediate anguish

pain + sadness

ei mihi, qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo

harsh q emphasising beginning of clauses

emphasises shock of now vs then hector - sadness

quantum mutatus ab illo

Hectore qui redit exuvias inductus Achilii

enjambment split across lines, contrast between then and now

Hectore qui redit exuvias inductus Achilli

emphatic word order

two enemies from line, tragedy of war

description of hector

glorious descriptions and imagery of hector, highlights the turn of events adds to pathos and tragedy

Hectore qui redit excuvias inductus Achilli

historic present

retiend for vividness to signify image of Hector as Troy's great returner

who in the iLIAD MEMORABLY RETURNS fighting book 6 refuses to return home book 22

vel Danuam Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis!

exalamatory plus enclosing word order

glorious image continued

total contrast to the hector in the dream

mimght vs tragic dead person

vel Danuam Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis

juxtaposition

Danuam Phrygios

Hector at helm of fighting, rivalry of war

vel Danuam Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis

synechdoche war

then vs now

squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crinis

fricative alliteration

emphasises what a sorry sight he is

"squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crinis"

promoted adjectives

draws attention to how dischevelled he is

Virgil rarely starts or ends lines with adjectives

"accepit patrios. ultro flens ipse videbar"

word order END

increases the pathos received wounds with family watching on

vulneraque illa gerens, quae circum plurima muros

hyperbaton intentional delay shows prolonged agony how many wounds he suffered

accepit patrios. ultro flens ipse videbar

word order start suggests that the sight of Hector was so shoking he involuntarily responds to it

compellare virum et maestas expromere voces

enclosing word order

very evocative doesnt know what to say but he does out of oshock

polyptoton of maestissimas

expromere- force out

he looked pitiful and is now addressed with the same pity

o lux Dardaniae spes o fidissima Teucrum

direct speech more immediate first hand

chiasmus

superlative epithets

draws attention to his terms of endearment a grand hero not only the trusted hope but hte most- makes current appearance more tragic

quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus Hector ab oris

t- alliteration sense of urgency

in his bewildered state he does not register that Hector has fallen + excitement

"quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus Hector ab oris"

polyptoton urgency of questions does not wait for response just launches into next question

expectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum

word choice

another compliment but indicates without Hector all is lost

quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus Hector ab oris

enclosing word order

emphasis that the will not come back

expectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum

polyptoton

shows how instrumental Hector is/they have been waiting on him

post multa

post varios

repetition

how much they have been through

varios hominumque urbisque labores

enclosing word with chiastic word order

men + city have been suffering

shows how much they have had to do to be on top of everything

defessi aspicimus! quae causa indigna serenos

word order start

emhasises the length of war

serenos interesting contrast between wearines and the bright face of hector

defessi aspicimus! quae causa indigna serenos

juxtaposition how far he has fallen

serenos foedavit vultus

enclosing word order

his fate has been brutalised without good cause

vultus...vulnera

assonance

emphasises his unworthily defiled features and wounds

aut cur haec vulenra cerno

odd question

he would have watched Hector's fall but still remembers this as a dream

ille nihil nec me quarentem uana moratur

juxtaposition shows that he has no time to waste

sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens

g-alliteration

grim and with effort

deep plosive sounds

describes groaning deeply

GRAVITER AND IMO inforce each other

L289

heu fuge nate dea teque his ait eripe flammis

direct speech

anticipates Hector's response anxiously

'heu fuge, nate dea, teque his' ait 'eripe flammis.

imperative before any type of address reflects urgency

fuge/eripis are almost tautologist

eripe the imperative in the middle ENCLWO needs to get out now

'heu fuge, nate dea, teque his' ait 'eripe flammis.

Aeneas parentage makes his instructions more plausible elevated in stature above Hector

interesting when before Aeneas was praising Hector to start again and rebuild

heu fuge nate dea teque his ait eripe flammis

L292 defendi possent, etiam hac...

L294 hos cape fatorum fomites, his moenia quaere

demonstratives

pointing at things emphasises gesticulation

wild flinging arms about

hostes habet muros: ruit alto a culmine Troia

synecdoche for the whole city

ruit word order start

muros ruit juxtaposition

streses it is all over there is no salvation and the walls have calm crashing down

defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuisent

polyptoton parallel syntax

unfulfilled possibility because it needed Hector

if it could have been done it would have

defendi possent ,etiam hac defensa fuissent.

P+ D alliteration

draws attention to his message

sat patriae Priamoque datum: si Pergama dextra

chiastic defense is reliant of Hector

assures everyone that Aeneas has done what he can and should let it go

sat patria Priamoque datum; si Pergama dextra

encl word

synechdoche variatio on Troia

emphasises the destruction of it

sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia penatis

encl. word order

these have been entrusted to him conjures image of them carrying out of Troy

sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia penatis

siblance + t alliteration combines to show the importance of his role

household gods/penatis context

on a state level

identified by citizens as long held patrons

he can only take those gods

he will be answerable first to the state and the Trojans who escape from him

new homeric hero not intereste d in personal glory but the safety of the city the new people/state GLORY

GREAT RESPONSIBILITY

hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere

magna perrato statues quae denique ponto

asyndeton + anaphora of (hos...his)

double imperative "cape...quaere"

moenia quaere magna - encl word order

highlights what he needs to do

enjambment how important it is that he does this because it will be great

hostis habet muros; ruit alto a culmine Troia. L290

hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere L294

synecdoche

extends to another city walks before crumbled now they rise

magna perrato statues quae deniue ponto

enclosing word order

shows even through this will be hard work in the centre there is future tense + denique emphasises that this will be worth it

sic ait et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem

goddess of the heath + fire

temple of Vesta in Rome likened to the wellbeing of the city

Augustus had a statue to Vesta in his house maybe a veiled compliment

"aeturnumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem"

chiastic enclosing pleonastic pictoral

silver line due to chiasmus

verb in the middle

important line shows the future is all in his hands

298-317

Aeneas wakes up should he stay or go

but first instinct is to die fighting

Deiphobus home- former statue

captured city= emotive

diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu

enclosing word order

grief overwhelms the city

miscentuer means mix choice of vocab highlights chaos

diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu

lamentation everywhere

distant lamentation

emphasise confusion and chaos of the city at the time

assonance + m alliteration

denotes the sound of wailling

et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis

repetition and variatio of atue

shows that it is relentless building anticipation

et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit,

enclosing word order - parents living inside

word order of Anchisae

highllights his importance

clarescunt sonitus armorumque ingruit horror

word order start

found only here in Virgil

normally used of light not sound

irregular application suits the turmoil he feels when he wakes up

clarescunt sonitus armorumque ingruit horror

physical sense shuddering

almost as if sounds have been personified

clarescunt sonitus armorumque ingruit horror

physical sense sounds personified

clarescunt sonitus armorumque ingruit horror

r alliteration sounds of roaring like sound calling to his ears

excutior somno et summi fastigia tecti

word order start reflexive verb

not surprising he has been woken up from sleep

wave up and face reality

excutior somno et summi fastigia tecti

ascensu supero atque arrectis auribus asto:

almost tautologist

shows how important it is to get up there

assonance

ascensu supero atque arrectis auribus asto

assonance + siblance

draws attention to the fact that his ears are open

in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris

simile

crackling/sizzling flames shows the force of the fire

in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris incidit aut rapidus montano flumine torrens

two headed simile

fire and flood

two forces of nature uncontrollable

how aggressive greek attack has been

context about Virgil's occupation

Virgil was a farmer he would have been knowledgeable of the effect of floods

in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austria

fricative alliteration

almost personified

fury + force

implies out of control

furor- uncontrollable anger

destructive for cornfields

incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens

enclosing word order

pictorial spilled out and down shows that it overwhelmes everything

incidit, aut rapidus montaton flumine torrens

etymology

torreo I scorch

subtlty evoke the flamme to the flumine and for the two to come togehter

inevitablility of destruction

strenit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores

anaphora + emphatic placement

wreaks indiscriminative damage

asyndeton

incidit- destroys everything in its path

sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores

increasing pathos

fields crops and works of animals

personification of laeta boumque evokes Trojan mood of previous night

until today Trojans thought they had it all- the destruction has come out of nowhwere

sternit agros sternit sata laeta boumque labores

siblance whooshing of water

praecipitis trahit silvas; stupet inscius alto

word order start

shows speed of happenings

praecipitis trahit silvas;stupet inscius alto

hyperbole of silvas level of destruction that has befallen troy

stupet- word order start cant do anything dumbstruck

inscius- they are ignorant not knowing of the treachery of sinon

unreparable damage

acipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor

delay of Pastor

pathos- his whole livelihood is ruined

isolates the word from the rest of the setnenece

Aeneas' alarm come before the figurative shpeherd- it could have been Aneas

both aeneas and pastor have everything dear to them taken

tum vero manifesta fides, Danuamque patescunt

occured twice so far in Book 2 ironically in speach of sinon

Aeneid judging how trustworthy they are after tricks

insidiae. iam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam

Vocalcno superante domus

enclosing word order

fire in the heart of the home shows the level of destruction

iam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam

periphrastic phrase

gave ruin shows the level of destruction and draws attention to it

iam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam

Volcano superante domus, iam proximus ardet

anaphora

the first propels into Deiphobus house cannot catch a breath as the flames spread from home to home

who is Deiphobus

Priam's sons

when Paris was killed, Helen was married off to Deiphobus

prominent hero in the Iliad

Aeneas will meet this soul in the underworld

Volcano superante domus, iam proximus ardet

metonymy

by using this shows the power and strength of the fire

divine - no hope the gods are involved

who is Ucalegon

minor character in iliad

elevates pathos by specifying the person

he is on fire or house on fire is ambiguous which is frim

not seen again

excoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum

balanced phrasing

anticipates further chaos and dras attention to how chaotic it is

c+ q sounds and "or" sounds

reflects the noise created by such chaos

excoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum

emphatically placed

jolts abnd makes Aeneas part of the danger

seems as if they are immediate

arma amens capio; nec sat rationis in armis

pithy phrase/assonance

links the two shows his madness in taking up arms. Key in his characterisation and the conception of a hero

new hero not like homeric ones

he is bereft of good sense- homeric

amens- is exactly what hector told him not to do

arma amens capio; nec sat rationis in armis

word choice

recognises his own folly

recklessness and foolishness a moment of self-reproach

arma amens capio nec sat rationis in armis

polyptoton completely consumed by this thought

changes meaning what he wanted and now futility of the homeric hero

cum sociis ardent animi; furor iraque mentem

instinct burned

word order + metaphor

highlights his anger and unability to control emotions driving

the house is also on fire?

sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem

two infinitives

everything he does will be geared towards fighting