Reformation, Absolutism, and Scientific Revolution Key Figures

(1483-1546) Martin Luther

monk and professor in Germany who wrote the 95 Theses, condemning Roman Catholic Church for being corrupt due to sale of indulgences, claimed that salvation could not be bought but rather earned through faith in God, translated bible into vernacular languages, believed that bible is only source of Christian religious authority, creates Lutheran faith

(ca. 1395-1468) Johannes Gutenberg

introduced printing press to Europe, allowed Luther to mass produce translated versions of Bible

(1509-64) John Calvin

French lawyer who was Protestant and codified Protestant teachings, fled to Geneva, Switzerland, believed in predestination, created Calvinist faith where people dress simply, don't dance, play cards or drink

(r. 1509-47) King Henry VIII

king of England who wanted to divorce his wife, but the pope refuses to grant it, so he leaves and makes himself Supreme Head of Anglican Church with Act of Supremacy, seizes church lands

(1491-1556) St. Ignatius Loyola

Basque nobleman who creates Society of Jesus (Jesuits) who are highly educated and served as counselors to kings and excellent missionaries

Consolidation of States and Power

(r. 1519-56) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

emperor of the HRE, devout Catholic, belonged to Hapsburg family

(r. 1556-98) King Philip II of Spain

married to Queen Mary, devout Catholic, attempts to force England to convert to Christianity under Protestant Queen Elizabeth by sending the Spanish Armada but fails, Calvinist Dutch provinces rebel under his rule and win independence, became wealthy by colonizing Americas and discovering Potosi silver mines, moves capital to Madrid, build El Escorial entirely from marble

(r. 1553-58) Queen Mary I of England

first daughter of Henry VIII, devout Catholic who attempts to convert England back to Catholicism, marries King Philip II, executes Protestants who were plotting against her

(r. 1558 -1603) Queen Elizabeth I of England

rules England after her half sister Mary dies, creates Anglican Church with Act of Uniformity, defeats Spanish Armada

(r. 1603-25) King James I of England

becomes king after his cousin Elizabeth dies, believes in divine right, "Kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself, they are called gods."

(r. 1625-49) King Charles I of England

tries to raise taxes without Parliament's consent to help down rebellion in Scotland, English Civil War starts in his rule, he fought with Parliament because he was Anglican, with elaborate ceremonies, and majority of Parliament was Puritan and they were unable to get along with each other, gets beheaded in 1649

(1599-1658) "Lord Protector" Oliver Cromwell

turns England into commonwealth, rules with Puritan laws and has a large standing army, Parliament restores monarchy in 1660

(r. 1685-88) King James II of England

the Catholic brother of Charles I who ruled with absolute power that soon became a dictatorship, is desposed of by Parliament

(1688-89) The Glorious Revolution, Mary and William of Orange

Mary, daughter of James II, and her Dutch Protestant husband William are invited by Parliament to rule in a bloodless change of power known as the Glorious Revolution, they sign the English Bill of Rights, makes England a limited monarchy, allow other constituencies to enjoy representation in government

(1545-1642) Cardinal Richelieu

the regent for Louis XIII, destroyed castles that belonged to nobles, builds bureaucracy, attacks the Huguenots (Calvinists)

(1602-61) Cardinal Mazarin

the regent for Louis XIV, ruler when Peace of Westphalia is signed and the Frondes, Parisian revolt

(1643-1715) King Louis XIV of France

devout Catholic who revoked Edict of Nantes which allowed some freedoms to Huguenots, builds Versailles, the largest building in Europe at the time and pressured nobles to stay at Versailles to control them and reduce their powers, said "L'état, c'est moi" (the state- that's me)

(r. 1682-1725) Peter the Great of Russia

credited with modernizing and westerning Russia, reformed Russian bureaucracy by decreasing power of boyars (Russian nobles), but they were kept happy by keeping their serfs and tax exemptions, won St. Petersburg from Sweden, becomes capital in 1702, bans beards

(r. 1762-96) Catherine the Great of Russia

German princess who became czarina of Russia, called "Enlightened Despot", initially wanted social change until Pugachev peasant rebellion, defeated Ottoman Empire to obtain port on Black Sea, partitioned Poland to parts of Austria, Prussia and Russia

(r. 1740-1786) Frederick the Great of Prussia

Absolute ruler who united all of Prussia, religiously tolerant, taught peasants to grow potatoes, skilled diplomat and built many museums and libraries, invaded Austria to take Silesia

(1767-1827) Maria Teresa of Austria

monarch from Hapsburg family whose father allowed her to rule by changing policy, reformed laws about serfs and son Joseph I frees serfs, beautifies Vienna, after loss of Silesia provokes another war against Frederick, that results in Seven Year's War

Era of Scientific Revolution

(1473-1543) Nicolaus Copernicus

astronomer who proposes heliocentric model, not warmly welcomed by Catholic Church

(1571-1630) Johannes Kepler

astronomer who determines that planet orbits are elliptical, not circular

(1564-1642) Galileo Galilei

uses telescope to determine that heavens are not perfect and unblemished, observes moons of Jupiter, discovers new stars, determines that velocity of falling bodies is based on height not weight, anticipates law of inertia, placed under house arrest for heresy from Catholic Church

(1642-1727) Issac Newton

revolutionizes physics with gravity explaining motion\

(1701-49) Émilie du Châtelet

French mathematician and physicist who translates explained Newton's Principia Mathematica