Anatomy of the Dog (copy)

Are the common ancestor of dogs, wolves?

Dogs did not evolve from modern wolves.

Genetic divergence

Occurred at least 15,000 years ago (range: 14,000-17,000 years) in canids.

Current dog classification

Canis lupus subspecies familiaris, subspecies of the wolf.

Diet of dogs

Dogs are omnivores, not obligate carnivores.

Cranial

Towards the head.

Caudal

Towards the tail.

Dorsal

Towards the back.

Ventral

Towards the belly.

Medial

Towards midline.

Lateral

Away from midline.

Proximal

Towards the torso.

Distal

Away from the torso.

Extension

Increasing the angle formed by a joint.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle formed by a joint.

Abduction

Moving a limb away from midline.

Adduction

Moving a limb towards midline.

Embryological digits in mammals

All mammals start with five digits.

Polydactylism

Condition where some breeds may show multiple digits.

Dental formula for Deciduous teeth

I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3 = 28.

Dental formula for Permanent teeth

I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.

Key anatomical position for dogs

Standing on four feet, palms down.

Locomotion in dogs

Dogs are cursorial and digitigrade.

Number of bones in a dog's body

Approximately 320 bones, varies by breed.

Major regions of the dog's skeletal system

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal.

Function of the larynx in dogs

Acts as a cage around the vocal cords.

What regulates dog testicular temperature?

Cremaster muscle, tunica dartosis muscle, and pampiniform plexus.