ANAPHY: ANATOMICAL TERMS

Anatomy

Study of the structure of morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized

To cut apart

Anatomy comes a Greek root that means

• Observing the exterior of the body

• Wounds of soldiers and other injuries.

Human anatomy was first studied by ________________ and observing the ________________________

Physiology

• Study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it

• Study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

Gross anatomy

Study of the larger structures of the body

Regional anatomy

Specific body region, such as the abdomen

Sectional anatomy

Relationship of the body’s structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ.

Systematic anatomy

Circulatory system, nervous system, etc.

Clinical anatomy

Important in clinical practice

Pathological anatomy

Features that change during illness

Radiographic anatomy

Structures seen using specialized imaging techniques

Microscopic anatomy

Deals with structures that we cannot see without magnification

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

Cell physiology

Includes both chemical processes within cells and chemical interactions among cell.

Organ physiology

Function of specific organs

Systemic physiology

All aspects of the functioning of specific organ system

Pathological physiology

Effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

Superior

Uppermost or above

Inferior

Lowermost or below

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Dorsal

can also be used for posterior. Means the back side.

Cephalad or cranial

Toward the head.

Caudal

Means toward the tail.

Medial

Nearest the midline of the body

Lateral

Toward the side or away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Near the point of attachment or origin

Distal

Away from the point of attachment or origin.

Planes

useful when describing dissections to look inside an organ or the body as a whole.

Midsagittal plane

Vertically divides the body through the midline into two equal left and right portions or halves. This is also referred to as a median plane.

Sagittal plane

Any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal right and left portions.

Horizontal plane

Any plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

Frontal or Coronal plane

Divides the anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.

Dorsal cavity

Divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord.

Ventral cavity

Contains organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis or a constant internal environment within small ranges of deviation.

Thoracic cavity

It is surrounded by the rib cage. It contains the heart in a pericardial sac referred to as the pericardial cavity, and the two lungs, each covered by the pleural membrane, are referred to as the pleural cavities.

Mediastinum

A space found between the two pleural cavities. It contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus in women

Parietal

Refers to the walls of a cavity

Visceral

Refers to the covering on an organ

X-rays

form of high-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues; areas that are impenetrable by x-rays appear light or white on the exposed film (radiopaque); Air has the lowest opacity. Bones are strongly radiopaque.

Radiopacity

Ability to stop the passage of x-rays

Positron emission tomography (PET)

An imaging technique that assesses metabolic and physiological activity of a structure.

MARIANNE FILLENZ

1. Her work showed clearly that an eye muscle length signal is indeed supplied to the brain in the cat, a fact later confirmed in humans.

2. Her technique of linear sweep voltammetry to measure dopamine release in the rat striatum in still much in use today.

MABEL FITZGERALD

1. Study of human acclimatisation to high altitude - oxygen, and not carbon dioxide, that determines how hard we breathe

SIR CHARLES SHERRINGTON

1. Work on the functions of neurons
2. Reflexes require integrated activation and demonstrated reciprocal innervation of muscles; a principle now known as Sherrington's Law

SIR HANS KREBS

Conversion of food into energy within a cell - Kreb’s cycle

JOHN SCOTT HALDANE

He was asked to identify the type of poison gas introduced by the Germans and its effects. He found it was chlorine. In order to protect the soldiers, He designed a portable oxygen administration apparatus for use in the field, the first gas mask.

He also demonstrated the value of oxygen in treating soldiers when they were gassed.

SIR WILFRID LE GROS CLARK

1. exposing the Piltdown Hoax

2. Interested in anatomy of the brain and in particular the anatomy of color vision

Homeostatic regulation

Maintenance (within varying narrow limits) of the internal environment of the body
Claude Bernard 1831-1878) first to discuss its significance.

Stimulus

Are variables or parameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system.

Control Centers

These are integrators that set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. They consider information such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc.

Effectors

Execute the necessary changes to adjust the variable or stimulus.

Negative feedback loop

An effector activated by the control center opposes the original stimulus

Thermoregulation

Temperature regulation

Glucoregulation

Glucose regulation

Osmoregulation

Osmotic regulation

Positive feedback loop

Tends to enhance or increase the change that triggered it.