AP GOV UNIT 2

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39 Terms

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Congressional power of the purse

The authority of Congress to control government spending and taxation.

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Implied powers of Congress

Powers not explicitly listed in the Constitution but necessary to carry out enumerated powers, justified by the Necessary and Proper Clause.

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Pork barrel legislation

Government spending directed toward local projects to help a legislator’s district, often to gain political support.

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Logrolling in Congress

The practice of lawmakers exchanging votes to secure passage of their favored legislation.

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Congressional oversight

The power of Congress to monitor and review the executive branch and federal agencies.

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Congressional leadership roles

Speaker of the House, Majority and Minority Leaders, Whips, and President Pro Tempore in the Senate.

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House and Senate powers difference

The House initiates revenue bills and impeachment charges; the Senate confirms appointments, ratifies treaties, and conducts impeachment trials.

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Trustee model of representation

Legislators vote based on their personal judgment rather than constituents’ preferences.

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Delegate model of representation

Legislators vote based on their constituents’ desires, regardless of personal views.

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Politico model of representation

A hybrid model where legislators act as trustees or delegates depending on the issue.

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Presidential budget proposal

The president’s annual budget recommendation to Congress outlining government spending priorities.

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Bully pulpit

The president’s ability to use public speeches and media to influence public opinion and Congress.

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Executive privilege

The president’s power to withhold information from Congress or the courts for national security or confidentiality.

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Signing statements

Statements issued by the president when signing a bill, often indicating how they interpret or intend to enforce it.

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Executive orders

Directives issued by the president that have the force of law without congressional approval.

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Executive agreements

International agreements made by the president that do not require Senate approval.

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Pocket veto

When the president indirectly vetoes a bill by not signing it within 10 days while Congress is adjourned.

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Formal and informal presidential powers

Formal powers include vetoes, commander-in-chief authority, and treaty-making; informal powers include executive orders and public persuasion.

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Line-item veto

A former power that allowed the president to veto specific parts of a bill, ruled unconstitutional in 1998.

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Federalist No. 70

Argues for a strong, energetic executive to ensure government efficiency and accountability.

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Judicial review

The Supreme Court's power to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional.

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Supreme Court justices' life tenure

To ensure judicial independence and protection from political pressures.

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Liberal vs. conservative Supreme Court decisions

Liberal decisions favor individual rights and government regulation, while conservative decisions favor limited government and strict constitutional interpretation.

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Supreme Court’s constitutional role

To interpret the Constitution and ensure laws align with it.

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Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction

The Court’s authority to review decisions from lower courts.

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Federal judiciary as the “weakest” branch

Lacks enforcement power and relies on the executive and legislative branches to implement rulings.

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Federalist No. 78

Argues for judicial independence, life tenure, and the power of judicial review.

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Executive branch implementation of public policy

Through regulations, enforcement, and administration via federal agencies.

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Role of the cabinet

Advises the president and oversees executive departments.

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Federal agencies

Government organizations that enforce laws and regulations, such as the EPA or FDA.

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Independent regulatory commissions

Agencies that enforce regulations independently of political influence (e.g., FCC, SEC).

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Government corporations

Businesses owned by the government that provide services (e.g., USPS, Amtrak).

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Checks and balances

The system where each branch of government limits the powers of the others.

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Federalist No. 51 on separation of powers

James Madison emphasizes the need for separate branches to prevent tyranny.

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Issue networks

Looser coalitions of interest groups, media, and policymakers focused on a specific issue.

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Iron triangles

The close relationship between congressional committees, bureaucracies, and interest groups that influence policy.

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Partisan voting in Senate confirmations

When senators vote along party lines for presidential nominees, especially for judges.

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Congress response to Supreme Court rulings

By passing new laws, amending the Constitution, or limiting the Court’s jurisdiction.

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Presidents avoiding judicial checks

By refusing to enforce rulings, using executive orders, or appointing sympathetic judges.